How Colourful Ribbon Diagrams Was the Face of Proteins | Quanta Mag

“The ribbon-diagram illustration used to be valuable,” mentioned Anastassis Perrakis, a structural biologist on the Netherlands Most cancers Institute and Utrecht College. It helped scientists keep in touch, train and classify protein construction, and it captured the imaginations of scientists and nonscientists alike. It used to be ready to “persuade folks how sublime [proteins] are and to peer the complexity, with out it being overwhelming,” Richardson mentioned.
Lately, ribbon diagrams are the ever present face of proteins in clinical articles, textbooks and magazines, identified for his or her explicit aggregate of readability and good looks. “It’s exhausting to consider a systematic illustration of information this is extra significant,” mentioned Philip Bourne, dean of the College of Virginia College of Information Science.
The diagrams were such a success that it may be exhausting to take into account that our cells don’t seem to be, in truth, stuffed with colourful ribbons and wide arrows.
The Face of Proteins

Day in and time out, our cells are exhausting at paintings setting up other forms of proteins. Proteins are manufactured from strings of molecules referred to as amino acids, and each and every amino acid has a number of aspect chains made up of a number of atoms “coming off it like a lollipop,” mentioned Janet Thornton, a computational biologist who retired from the Eu Molecular Biology Laboratory remaining 12 months. The amino acid spine innately folds right into a three-d form, referred to as a protein construction, which determines which different molecules the protein can bind to and, due to this fact, its serve as in a cellular.
As soon as a structural biologist finished what was a years-long technique of reconstructing a protein’s 3-d construction, they confronted a brand new downside: tips on how to keep in touch that construction to different scientists. In fact, it’s impossibly tough to constitute a protein’s lifelike construction. Proteins are minuscule, at the order of nanometers, and will comprise masses of hundreds of atoms. “If the ones atoms are all drawn after which joined in combination, it turns into very tough to peer,” Thornton mentioned.
Richardson’s innovation used to be a reproducible manner of representing the folds of a protein’s amino acid spine with out getting slowed down in the main points of explicit atomic preparations. She depended on proteins’ tendency to fold into two energetically favorable shapes: coils referred to as alpha helices and flat shapes referred to as beta strands, which will line up into so-called beta sheets. Then there are loops, which attach alpha helices to beta strands like nook items in a puzzle.
There are different folding constructions, and “folks have get a hold of a variety of names” for them, Perrakis mentioned. “However on the finish of the day, those that subject are the helices and the sheets.”
rn // Outline dataLayer and the gtag serve as.rn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn serve as gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rnrn // Default ad_storage to ‘denied’.rn gtag(‘consent’, ‘default’, {rn ‘ad_storage’: ‘denied’,rn ‘ad_user_data’: ‘denied’,rn ‘ad_personalization’: ‘denied’,rn ‘analytics_storage’: ‘granted’rn });rn gtag(‘consent’, ‘default’, {rn ‘analytics_storage’: ‘granted’,rn ‘area’: [‘US’]rn });rnu003c/script>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003cscript>(serve as(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({‘gtm.get started’:rnnew Date().getTime(),tournament:’gtm.js’});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],rnj=d.createElement(s),dl=l!=’dataLayer’?’&l=”+l:”‘;j.async=true;j.src=rn’ Finish Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cnoscript>u003ciframe src=” width=”0″ taste=”show:none;visibility:hidden”>u003c/iframe>u003c/noscript>rnu003c!– Finish Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cscript>rnfunction getCookie(title) {rn let worth = “; ” + record.cookie;rn var portions = worth.cut up(“; ” + title + “=”);rn if (portions.period === 2) go back portions.pop().cut up(“;”).shift();rn}rnrnif(getCookie(‘acceptedPolicy’)) {rn gtag(‘consent’, ‘default’, {rn ‘ad_storage’: ‘granted’,rn ‘analytics_storage’: ‘granted’rn });rn// fb pixelrn!serve as(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)rn{if(f.fbq)go back;n=f.fbq=serve as()rn{n.callMethod? n.callMethod.practice(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}rn;rnif(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.model=’2.0′;rnn.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;rnt.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];rns.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,record,’script’,rn’ ‘190747804793608’); rnfbq(‘observe’, ‘PageView’);rnrn// chartbeatrnvar _sf_async_config = { uid: 65564, area: ‘quantamagazine.org’, useCanonical: true };(serve as() {serve as loadChartbeat(){ window._sf_endpt = (new Date()).getTime(); var e = record.createElement(‘script’); e.setAttribute(‘language’, ‘javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘sort’, ‘textual content/javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘src’,’//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js’); record.frame.appendChild(e); };var oldonload = window.onload;window.onload = (typeof window.onload != ‘serve as’) ?loadChartbeat : serve as(){ oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); };})();rnrn// parsleyrnconst head = record.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rnconst parsleyScript = record.createElement(“script”);rnparsleyScript.sort = “textual content/javascript”;rnparsleyScript.src = “//cdn.parsely.com/keys/quantamagazine.org/p.js”;rnparsleyScript.identity = “parsley-cfg”;rn// finish parsleyrnrn//smartlookrn window.smartlook||(serve as(d) {rn var o=smartlook=serve as(){ o.api.push(arguments)},h=d.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rn var c=d.createElement(‘script’);o.api=new Array();c.async=true;c.sort=”textual content/javascript”;rn c.charset=”utf-8″;c.src=” })(record);rn smartlook(‘init’, ‘3bac9c73fbc7f7f1c527d035a117e2b66f7c3e30’);rnrn// Google Commercials conversionsrn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn serve as gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rn gtag(‘js’, new Date());rnrn gtag(‘config’, ‘AW-10788252298′);rnrn}rnu003c/script>rn”,”google_analytics”:null,”tracking_scripts_no_cookie”:null,”google_analytics_no_cookie”:null,”popular_searches”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.0″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.1″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.2″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.3″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”search_topics”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.0″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.1″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.2″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.3″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.4″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.5″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.6″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.7″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.8″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”search_sections”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.2″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.3″,”typename”:”Term”}],”search_authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38171″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:28087″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29794″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53037″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39302″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:56″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47249″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29458″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:73″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53488″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39164″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8728″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11648″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50964″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50172″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51678″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42689″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:95″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52094″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57728″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15493″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:450″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36490″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16315″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2752″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15492″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:68″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54352″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:62″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13684″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13691″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50328″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15142″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8084″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:742″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51630″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11543″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7262″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:70″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55512″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19918″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13695″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32676″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13724″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26310″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30207″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19266″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13251″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17000″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53469″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54874″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17149″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5279″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:58″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32612″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53047″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27534″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:25173″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:64″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:98″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5830″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6793″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:75″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:69″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:77″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19092″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60512″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54635″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20557″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:66″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:46418″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:85″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54757″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37141″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:49403″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12170″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54876″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60562″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44787″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50541″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:72″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16475″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:91″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10351″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31716″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1241″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:61114″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8463″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:49″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16815″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:67″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37462″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:87″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36139″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20556″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:90″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39551″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27374″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47633″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38413″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60230″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55855″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12570″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38699″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59443″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23451″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:79″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47180″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55532″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2333″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3569″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:414″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50807″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20495″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47830″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17147″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30953″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32437″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57270″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38705″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:58054″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40613″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7186″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57384″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60863″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:34″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:74″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50861″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1472″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6476″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42264″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37605″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:43298″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37428″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19962″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51434″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57764″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1816″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:46889″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:84″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50804″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24011″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:100″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26114″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:9412″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:820″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1666″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20950″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:48″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:80″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15681″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51187″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24577″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:78″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59339″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23845″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:83″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55385″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53621″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:35441″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:76″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15680″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7239″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44197″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:65″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5944″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:61″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:63″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26311″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:71″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17148″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13356″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17150″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39768″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2960″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52224″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14785″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59313″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:88″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12964″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:86″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3244″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:89″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15913″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42263″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45757″,”typename”:”AuthorList”}],”address_to_editor”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.0″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.1″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.2″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.3″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.4″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.5″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.6″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.7″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.8″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.9″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.10″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.11″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.12″,”typename”:”Editor”}]},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices”:{“acf”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf”,”typename”:”ThemeOptions”},”__typename”:”Choices”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″,”sort”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”:{“custom_page_colors”:”background,textual content,accessory”,”page_accent_color”:”#ff8600″,”page_text_color”:”#1a1a1a”,”page_background_color”:”#FFFFFF”,”header_type”:”default”,”header_gradient_color”:null,”header_gradient_opacity”:null,”header_solid_colors”:”number one,secondary,hover”,”header_solid_primary_color”:”#1a1a1a”,”header_solid_secondary_color”:”#999999″,”header_solid_hover_color”:”#ff8600″,”header_transparent_colors”:null,”header_transparent_primary_color”:null,”header_transparent_secondary_color”:null,”header_transparent_hover_color”:null,”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″,”sort”:””}).knowledge.0″:{“acf”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″,”sort”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Put up”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″,”sort”:””})”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″,”type”:””}).data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPageMeta({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″,”sort”:””})”:{“redirect_path”:null,”meta”:”u003cmeta title=”description” content material=”Proteins are continuously visualized as cascades of curled ribbons and twisted strings, which each divulge and hide the mess of atoms that make up those impossibly advanced molecules.” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:symbol” content material=” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:symbol:width” content material=”1200″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:symbol:top” content material=”630″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:symbol:alt” content material=”Hand-drawn curls of ribbon and pointed arrows constitute a protein’s construction.” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:locale” content material=”en_US” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:sort” content material=”article” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:identify” content material=”How Colourful Ribbon Diagrams Was the Face of Proteins | Quanta Mag” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:description” content material=”Proteins are continuously visualized as cascades of curled ribbons and twisted strings, which each divulge and hide the mess of atoms that make up those impossibly advanced molecules.” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:url” content material=” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:site_name” content material=”Quanta Mag” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:updated_time” content material=”2024-08-23T14:53+00:00″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”article:writer” content material=” />nu003cmeta belongings=”facebook:app_id” content material=”533309373681765″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”article:published_time” content material=”2024-08-23T14:43+00:00″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”article:modified_time” content material=”2024-08-23T14:53+00:00″ />nu003cmeta title=”twitter:card” content material=”summary_large_image” />nu003cmeta title=”twitter:web site” content material=”@QuantaMagazine” />nu003cmeta title=”twitter:identify” content material=”How Colourful Ribbon Diagrams Was the Face of Proteins | Quanta Mag” />nu003cmeta title=”twitter:description” content material=”Proteins are continuously visualized as cascades of curled ribbons and twisted strings, which each divulge and hide the mess of atoms that make up those impossibly advanced molecules.” />nu003cmeta title=”twitter:symbol” content material=” />nu003cmeta title=”twitter:symbol:alt” content material=”Hand-drawn curls of ribbon and pointed arrows constitute a protein’s construction.” />nu003clink rel=”canonical” href=” />nu003cscript sort=”utility/ld+json”>{“@context”:”https://schema.org”,”@sort”:”BreadcrumbList”,”itemListElement”:[{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:1,”item”:{“@id”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/”,”name”:”Science and Math News”}},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:2,”item”:{“@id”:” News, Interviews and Columns From Quanta Magazine”}},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:3,”item”:{“@id”:”,”name”:”How Colorful Ribbon Diagrams Became the Face of Proteins”}}]}u003c/script>n”,”__typename”:”PageMeta”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.0″:{“sort”:”fb”,”label”:”Fb”,”url”:” Pleasure of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and creator Steven Strogatz and the astrophysicist and creator Janna Levin interview main researchers concerning the nice clinical and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.featured_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”square_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.square_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” Science Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth information episodes in response to Quanta Mag’s articles about arithmetic, physics, biology and pc science. “,”featured_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.featured_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”square_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.square_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Pleasure of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and creator Steven Strogatz interviews one of the global’s main scientists about their lives and paintings.”,”featured_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.featured_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”square_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.square_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.popular_searches.3″:{“time period”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0″:{“sort”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”:{“title”:”Quanta Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1″:{“sort”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”:{“title”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2″:{“sort”:”Sequence”,”label”:”Sequence”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”:{“title”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”:{“title”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”:{“title”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”:{“title”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”:{“title”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Weblog Posts”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”:{“title”:”Abstractions weblog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7″:{“sort”:”information”,”label”:”Information Articles”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8″:{“sort”:”movies”,”label”:”Movies”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”:{“title”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.0″:{“title”:”Arithmetic”,”slug”:”arithmetic”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.1″:{“title”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.2″:{“title”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.3″:{“title”:”Laptop Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”AuthorList:38171″:{“identity”:”38171″,”title”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:28087″:{“identity”:”28087″,”title”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29794″:{“identity”:”29794″,”title”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53037″:{“identity”:”53037″,”title”:”Alex Stone”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39302″:{“identity”:”39302″,”title”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:56″:{“identity”:”56″,”title”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47249″:{“identity”:”47249″,”title”:”Allison Parshall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29458″:{“identity”:”29458″,”title”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:73″:{“identity”:”73″,”title”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53488″:{“identity”:”53488″,”title”:”Amos Zeeberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39164″:{“identity”:”39164″,”title”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59″:{“identity”:”59″,”title”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8728″:{“identity”:”8728″,”title”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11648″:{“identity”:”11648″,”title”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50964″:{“identity”:”50964″,”title”:”Anna Funk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50172″:{“identity”:”50172″,”title”:”Anna Gibbs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51678″:{“identity”:”51678″,”title”:”Anna Kramer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42689″:{“identity”:”42689″,”title”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:95″:{“identity”:”95″,”title”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52094″:{“identity”:”52094″,”title”:”Arleen Santana”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57728″:{“identity”:”57728″,”title”:”Asher Elbein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15493″:{“identity”:”15493″,”title”:”Ashley Good”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:450″:{“identity”:”450″,”title”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36490″:{“identity”:”36490″,”title”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16315″:{“identity”:”16315″,”title”:”Invoice Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2752″:{“identity”:”2752″,”title”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15492″:{“identity”:”15492″,”title”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:68″:{“identity”:”68″,”title”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54352″:{“identity”:”54352″,”title”:”C. Brandon Ogbunu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:62″:{“identity”:”62″,”title”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13684″:{“identity”:”13684″,”title”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13691″:{“identity”:”13691″,”title”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50″:{“identity”:”50″,”title”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50328″:{“identity”:”50328″,”title”:”ccampbell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15142″:{“identity”:”15142″,”title”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8084″:{“identity”:”8084″,”title”:”Charlie Wooden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:742″:{“identity”:”742″,”title”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51630″:{“identity”:”51630″,”title”:”Christopher W. Younger”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11543″:{“identity”:”11543″,”title”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57″:{“identity”:”57″,”title”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7262″:{“identity”:”7262″,”title”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:70″:{“identity”:”70″,”title”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55512″:{“identity”:”55512″,”title”:”Dan Samorodnitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19918″:{“identity”:”19918″,”title”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13695″:{“identity”:”13695″,”title”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32676″:{“identity”:”32676″,”title”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13724″:{“identity”:”13724″,”title”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26310″:{“identity”:”26310″,”title”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30207″:{“identity”:”30207″,”title”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19266″:{“identity”:”19266″,”title”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13251″:{“identity”:”13251″,”title”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17000″:{“identity”:”17000″,”title”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53469″:{“identity”:”53469″,”title”:”Elise Cutts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54874″:{“identity”:”54874″,”title”:”Elizabeth Finkel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17149″:{“identity”:”17149″,”title”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5279″:{“identity”:”5279″,”title”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:58″:{“identity”:”58″,”title”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32612″:{“identity”:”32612″,”title”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53047″:{“identity”:”53047″,”title”:”Elliot Lichtman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27534″:{“identity”:”27534″,”title”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:25173″:{“identity”:”25173″,”title”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:64″:{“identity”:”64″,”title”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47″:{“identity”:”47″,”title”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14784″:{“identity”:”14784″,”title”:”Erika Ok. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:98″:{“identity”:”98″,”title”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5830″:{“identity”:”5830″,”title”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6793″:{“identity”:”6793″,”title”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:75″:{“identity”:”75″,”title”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52″:{“identity”:”52″,”title”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:69″:{“identity”:”69″,”title”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:77″:{“identity”:”77″,”title”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19092″:{“identity”:”19092″,”title”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60512″:{“identity”:”60512″,”title”:”Gregory Barber”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54635″:{“identity”:”54635″,”title”:”Hannah Waters”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20557″:{“identity”:”20557″,”title”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:66″:{“identity”:”66″,”title”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:46418″:{“identity”:”46418″,”title”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:85″:{“identity”:”85″,”title”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54757″:{“identity”:”54757″,”title”:”Jackson Ryan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37141″:{“identity”:”37141″,”title”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44758″:{“identity”:”44758″,”title”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:49403″:{“identity”:”49403″,”title”:”James R. Riordon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12170″:{“identity”:”12170″,”title”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54876″:{“identity”:”54876″,”title”:”Javier Barbuzano”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60562″:{“identity”:”60562″,”title”:”Jay Bennett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32″:{“identity”:”32″,”title”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51″:{“identity”:”51″,”title”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44787″:{“identity”:”44787″,”title”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50541″:{“identity”:”50541″,”title”:”John M. Beggs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:72″:{“identity”:”72″,”title”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16475″:{“identity”:”16475″,”title”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:91″:{“identity”:”91″,”title”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10351″:{“identity”:”10351″,”title”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31716″:{“identity”:”31716″,”title”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1241″:{“identity”:”1241″,”title”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:61114″:{“identity”:”61114″,”title”:”Joseph Howlett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8463″:{“identity”:”8463″,”title”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:49″:{“identity”:”49″,”title”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16815″:{“identity”:”16815″,”title”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:67″:{“identity”:”67″,”title”:”Ok.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37462″:{“identity”:”37462″,”title”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:87″:{“identity”:”87″,”title”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36139″:{“identity”:”36139″,”title”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20556″:{“identity”:”20556″,”title”:”Katherine Harmon Braveness”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:90″:{“identity”:”90″,”title”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39551″:{“identity”:”39551″,”title”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27374″:{“identity”:”27374″,”title”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40″:{“identity”:”40″,”title”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47633″:{“identity”:”47633″,”title”:”Konstantin Kakaes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45758″:{“identity”:”45758″,”title”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38413″:{“identity”:”38413″,”title”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60230″:{“identity”:”60230″,”title”:”Lance Fortnow”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55855″:{“identity”:”55855″,”title”:”Laura Dattaro”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12570″:{“identity”:”12570″,”title”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38699″:{“identity”:”38699″,”title”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59443″:{“identity”:”59443″,”title”:”Lesley Evans Ogden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23451″:{“identity”:”23451″,”title”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:79″:{“identity”:”79″,”title”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38″:{“identity”:”38″,”title”:”Lucy Studying-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47180″:{“identity”:”47180″,”title”:”Lyndie Chiou”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55532″:{“identity”:”55532″,”title”:”Madison Goldberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60″:{“identity”:”60″,”title”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2333″:{“identity”:”2333″,”title”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3569″:{“identity”:”3569″,”title”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:414″:{“identity”:”414″,”title”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50807″:{“identity”:”50807″,”title”:”Marta Zaraska”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20495″:{“identity”:”20495″,”title”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47830″:{“identity”:”47830″,”title”:”Matt von Hippel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17147″:{“identity”:”17147″,”title”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30953″:{“identity”:”30953″,”title”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32437″:{“identity”:”32437″,”title”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57270″:{“identity”:”57270″,”title”:”Maya Wei-Haas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38705″:{“identity”:”38705″,”title”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:58054″:{“identity”:”58054″,”title”:”Meghan Willcoxon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40613″:{“identity”:”40613″,”title”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7186″:{“identity”:”7186″,”title”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57384″:{“identity”:”57384″,”title”:”Michael Greshko”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14093″:{“identity”:”14093″,”title”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60863″:{“identity”:”60863″,”title”:”Michael Kanyongolo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:34″:{“identity”:”34″,”title”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23″:{“identity”:”23″,”title”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:74″:{“identity”:”74″,”title”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19093″:{“identity”:”19093″,”title”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50861″:{“identity”:”50861″,”title”:”Mike Orcutt”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1472″:{“identity”:”1472″,”title”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6476″:{“identity”:”6476″,”title”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42264″:{“identity”:”42264″,”title”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52093″:{“identity”:”52093″,”title”:”Nadia Drake”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10″:{“identity”:”10″,”title”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37605″:{“identity”:”37605″,”title”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:43298″:{“identity”:”43298″,”title”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37428″:{“identity”:”37428″,”title”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19962″:{“identity”:”19962″,”title”:”Nola Taylor Tillman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51434″:{“identity”:”51434″,”title”:”Nona Griffin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57764″:{“identity”:”57764″,”title”:”Nora Bradford”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24″:{“identity”:”24″,”title”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1816″:{“identity”:”1816″,”title”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:46889″:{“identity”:”46889″,”title”:”Paul Chaikin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:84″:{“identity”:”84″,”title”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55″:{“identity”:”55″,”title”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50804″:{“identity”:”50804″,”title”:”Polly Stryker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31″:{“identity”:”31″,”title”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24011″:{“identity”:”24011″,”title”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:100″:{“identity”:”100″,”title”:”Quanta Mag”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2784″:{“identity”:”2784″,”title”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26114″:{“identity”:”26114″,”title”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:9412″:{“identity”:”9412″,”title”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:820″:{“identity”:”820″,”title”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1666″:{“identity”:”1666″,”title”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20950″:{“identity”:”20950″,”title”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:48″:{“identity”:”48″,”title”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:80″:{“identity”:”80″,”title”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15681″:{“identity”:”15681″,”title”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51187″:{“identity”:”51187″,”title”:”Robin Lloyd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24577″:{“identity”:”24577″,”title”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:78″:{“identity”:”78″,”title”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59339″:{“identity”:”59339″,”title”:”Samir Patel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23845″:{“identity”:”23845″,”title”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:83″:{“identity”:”83″,”title”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55385″:{“identity”:”55385″,”title”:”Sarah Scoles”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53621″:{“identity”:”53621″,”title”:”Saugat Bolakhe”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:35441″:{“identity”:”35441″,”title”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:76″:{“identity”:”76″,”title”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15680″:{“identity”:”15680″,”title”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7239″:{“identity”:”7239″,”title”:”Shannon Corridor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44197″:{“identity”:”44197″,”title”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:65″:{“identity”:”65″,”title”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5944″:{“identity”:”5944″,”title”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:61″:{“identity”:”61″,”title”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:63″:{“identity”:”63″,”title”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26311″:{“identity”:”26311″,”title”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:71″:{“identity”:”71″,”title”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17148″:{“identity”:”17148″,”title”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13356″:{“identity”:”13356″,”title”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17150″:{“identity”:”17150″,”title”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39768″:{“identity”:”39768″,”title”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2960″:{“identity”:”2960″,”title”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52224″:{“identity”:”52224″,”title”:”Theo Nicitopoulos”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14785″:{“identity”:”14785″,”title”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3″:{“identity”:”3″,”title”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59313″:{“identity”:”59313″,”title”:”Thomas Zurbuchen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54″:{“identity”:”54″,”title”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:88″:{“identity”:”88″,”title”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12964″:{“identity”:”12964″,”title”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53″:{“identity”:”53″,”title”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:86″:{“identity”:”86″,”title”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3244″:{“identity”:”3244″,”title”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:89″:{“identity”:”89″,”title”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15913″:{“identity”:”15913″,”title”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42263″:{“identity”:”42263″,”title”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45757″:{“identity”:”45757″,”title”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.0″:{“title”:”Invoice Andrews – Senior Editor, CS, Columns”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.1″:{“title”:”Ben Brubaker – Workforce CS Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.2″:{“title”:”Matt Carlstrom – Senior Engagement Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.3″:{“title”:”Jordana Cepelewicz – Senior Math Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.4″:{“title”:”Natalie Wolchover – Senior Physics Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.5″:{“title”:”Konstantin Kakaes – Senior Math Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.6″:{“title”:”Michael Moyer – Government Editor, Physics, Math, CS”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.7″:{“title”:”John Rennie – Deputy Editor, Biology, Podcasts”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.8″:{“title”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu – Workforce Biology Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.9″:{“title”:”Samuel Velasco – Artwork Director”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.10″:{“title”:”Charlie Wooden – Workforce Physics Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.11″:{“title”:”Christopher Younger – Director of Video”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.12″:{“title”:”Hannah Waters – Senior Biology Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).pieces.0″:{“identify”:”About Quanta”,”url”:” Us”,”url”:” & Prerequisites”,”url”:” Coverage”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/privacy-policy/”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”})”:{“pieces”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″})”:{“sort”:”put up”,”meta”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″}).meta”,”typename”:”PageData”},”knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Post:140004″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823″}).meta”:{“identify”:”How Colourful Ribbon Diagrams Was the Face of Proteins | Quanta Mag”,”max_num_pages”:0,”found_posts”:0,”extra_term”:””,”creator”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:false,”identity”:”Writer:null”,”typename”:”Writer”},”tag”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:false,”identity”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:false,”identity”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”PageData”},”Writer:null”:{“identity”:null,”title”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”url”:null,”public_email”:null,”fb”:null,”twitter”:null,”instagram”:null,”acf”:null,”__typename”:”Writer”},”Time period:null”:{“identity”:null,”slug”:null,”title”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”symbol”:””,”__typename”:”Time period”},”Put up:140004″:{“identity”:”140004″,”identify”:”How Colourful Ribbon Diagrams Was the Face of Proteins”,”excerpt”:”u003cp>Proteins are continuously visualized as cascades of curled ribbons and twisted strings, which each divulge and hide the mess of atoms that make up those impossibly advanced molecules.u003c/p>n”,”hyperlink”:” https://www.quantamagazine.org/?p=140004″,”date”:”2024-08-23T10:43:59″,”featured_media_image”:null,”authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:140004.authors.0″,”typename”:”Author”}],”tags”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:140004.tags.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:140004.tags.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:140004.tags.2″,”typename”:”Term”}],”podcast”:null,”acf”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Put up”,”standing”:”put up”,”content material”:””,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Term:191″,”typename”:”Term”}],”attachments”:null,”series_prev”:null,”series_next”:null,”subsequent”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.subsequent”,”typename”:”PostPageArchive”}},”Put up:140004.authors.0″:{“title”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”hyperlink”:” biology”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/molecular-biology/”},”Put up:140004.tags.2″:{“slug”:”proteins”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”title”:”proteins”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/proteins/”},”$Put up:140004.acf”:{“featured_block_title”:””,”kicker”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.kicker”,”typename”:”Time period”},”featured_image_default”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_square”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.featured_image_square”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_video”:”false”,”full_page_interactive”:false,”podcast_publish_date”:””,”__typename”:”ACFFields”,”interactive_type”:null,”iframe_url”:null,”return_cursor”:null,”exclude_blurb”:null,”exclude_entire_footer”:null,”interactive_html”:null,”interactive_css”:null,”interactive_js”:null,”interactive_blurb”:null,”related_article”:null,”modules”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.0″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.1″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.2″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.3″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.4″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.5″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.6″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.7″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.8″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.9″,”typename”:”ACFContent”}],”template”:”article”,”subtitle”:”Proteins are continuously visualized as cascades of curled ribbons and twisted strings, which each divulge and hide the mess of atoms that make up those impossibly advanced molecules.”,”title_layout”:”default”,”title_background_type”:null,”title_background_image”:null,”title_background_video”:null,”title_background_attribution”:null,”title_background_image_gif”:null,”title_overlay_enable”:null,”title_overlay_color”:null,”title_overlay_opacity”:null,”title_text_color”:null,”featured_image_attribution”:”u003cp>Jane Richardsonu003c/p>n”,”featured_overlay_enable”:”false”,”featured_overlay_color”:null,”featured_overlay_opacity”:null,”sequence”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.sequence”,”typename”:”Time period”},”intro_content”:null,”make_image_full_width”:null,”hide_ad_on_post”:false},”$Put up:140004.acf.kicker”:{“title”:”molecular biology”,”hyperlink”:” curls of ribbon and pointed arrows constitute a protein’s construction.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” curls of ribbon and pointed arrows constitute a protein’s construction.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” curls of ribbon and pointed arrows constitute a protein’s construction.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Science”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/computer-science/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.4″:{“identify”:”Subjects”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/subjects”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.5″:{“identify”:”Archive”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/archive/”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”})”:{“pieces”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.0″:{“identify”:”Weblog”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/abstractions/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.1″:{“identify”:”Columns”,”url”:”/tag/quantized”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.2″:{“identify”:”Interviews”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/qa/”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.3″:{“identify”:”Podcasts”,”url”:”/podcasts/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.4″:{“identify”:”Puzzles”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/puzzles/”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.5″:{“identify”:”Multimedia”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/multimedia/”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.6″:{“identify”:”Movies”,”url”:”/movies”,”order”:7,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.7″:{“identify”:”About Quanta”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/about/”,”order”:8,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”})”:{“pieces”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.6″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.7″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”Time period:191″:{“identity”:”191″,”title”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/biology/”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Put up:140004.authors.0.acf”:{“tagline”:”Workforce Author”,”avatar”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.authors.0.acf.avatar”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”__typename”:”AuthorACF”},”$Put up:140004.authors.0.acf.avatar”:{“alt”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Richardsonu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Jane Richardson’s ribbon diagrams summary proteins’ atomic constructions into gorgeous, transparent illustrations. On this pencil drawing of triose phosphate isomerase, alpha helices and beta strands are represented by way of blue spirals and inexperienced arrows, respectively.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.0.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.0.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”symbol”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.0.units.0.symbol”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.0.units.0.symbol”:{“alt”:”Hand-drawn curls of ribbon and pointed arrows constitute a protein’s construction.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” href=” Richardsonu003c/a> by no means regarded as herself an artist. Then, within the past due Nineteen Seventies, the structural biologist discovered herself in want of a few coloured pencils, pastels and sketching paper.u003c/p>nu003cp>Richardson, a professor of biochemistry at Duke College, studied proteins, the biomolecules that underpin the entire workings of lifestyles. On the time, structural biologists have been getting higher at growing 3-d fashions of proteins’ minuscule atomic constructions; she and her husband Dave, with whom she shared a lab, had decided two of the sector’s first 20 identified protein constructions. However the scientists struggled to put across the guidelines to each other. The sector had no standardized solution to evaluate protein shapes. In clinical papers, the advanced molecules have been portrayed with out uniformity, as though each and every researcher had invented their very own means of illustrating them.u003c/p>nu003cp>So Richardson took up the problem of designing a brand new roughly clinical representation — only for proteins. She studied tips on how to constitute three-d shapes in two dimensions, together with the art work of u003ca href=” Escheru003c/a>. She spoke with artists. She idea again to a category she had taken on illusions. She tested a belt as she twisted it left and proper.u003c/p>nu003cp>Then she picked up her pencils and started sketching. “I’m no longer an artist; I will be able to’t draw the rest,” she mentioned in a contemporary interview with u003cem>Quantau003c/em>. It used to be “a large number of draw and erase, draw and erase, draw and erase.” After a 12 months of trial and mistake, she homed in on sublime sheets and looping ribbons to constitute atomic constructions. Those drawings, which first gave the impression within the magazine u003ca href=” in Protein Chemistryu003c/em>u003c/a> in 1981, turned referred to as ribbon diagrams.u003c/p>nu003cp>Richardson’s drawing taste used to be temporarily followed. Structural biologists liked how smartly the diagrams conveyed the folds of a protein’s molecular spine and the way they allowed researchers to check other proteins the usage of the similar visible language.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.2″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”structure”:”common”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Jared Lazarus/Duke Universityu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Jane Richardson, a structural biologist at Duke College, spent the early Eighties finding out artwork. Her ribbon diagrams, which constitute protein molecules, display proteins’ magnificence and complexity with out being overwhelming, she mentioned.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.2.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.2.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”symbol”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.2.units.0.symbol”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.2.units.0.symbol”:{“alt”:”Jane Richardson poses with a fashion protein and considered one of her sketches.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” ribbon-diagram illustration used to be valuable,” mentioned u003ca href=” Perrakisu003c/a>, a structural biologist on the Netherlands Most cancers Institute and Utrecht College. It helped scientists keep in touch, train and classify protein construction, and it captured the imaginations of scientists and nonscientists alike. It used to be ready to “persuade folks how sublime [proteins] are and to peer the complexity, with out it being overwhelming,” Richardson mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cp>Lately, ribbon diagrams are the ever present face of proteins in clinical articles, textbooks and magazines, identified for his or her explicit aggregate of readability and good looks. “It’s exhausting to consider a systematic illustration of information this is extra significant,” mentioned u003ca href=” Bourneu003c/a>, dean of the College of Virginia College of Information Science.u003c/p>nu003cp>The diagrams were such a success that it may be exhausting to take into account that our cells don’t seem to be, in truth, stuffed with colourful ribbons and wide arrows.u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>The Face of Proteinsu003c/sturdy>u003c/h2>nu003cdiv identity=’component-66c8a2800a6b0′ magnificence=””>u003cscript sort=”textual content/template”>{“sort”:”Symbol”,”identity”:”component-66c8a2800a6b0″,”knowledge”:{“identity”:140025,”src”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-scaled.webp”,”alt”:”A comic strip of a protein is smudged with graphite and sketched traces.”,”magnificence”:””,”width”:2560,”top”:2319,”mobileSrc”:false,”zoomSrc”:false,”mobileZoomSrc”:false,”align”:”align=”proper””,”wrapper_width”:””,”caption”:”u003cp>The pencil smudges on Richardsonu2019s authentic comic strip of staphylococcal nuclease divulge her procedure: u201cA lot of draw and erase, draw and erase, draw and erase,u201d she mentioned.u003c/p>n”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Courtesy of Jane Richardsonu003c/p>n”,”variant”:”shortcode”,”measurement”:”default”,”disableZoom”:false,”disableMobileZoom”:false,”srcImage”:{“ID”:140025,”identity”:140025,”identify”:”StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson”,”filename”:”StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-scaled.webp”,”filesize”:606850,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-scaled.webp”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-colorful-ribbon-diagrams-became-the-face-of-proteins-20240823/staphnucleaseribbonpencilsketch-cojanerichardson/”,”alt”:”A comic strip of a protein is smudged with graphite and sketched traces.”,”creator”:”52094″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”title”:”staphnucleaseribbonpencilsketch-cojanerichardson”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:140004,”date”:”2024-08-22 17:37:04″,”changed”:”2024-08-22 17:37:17″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”symbol/webp”,”sort”:”symbol”,”subtype”:”webp”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/photographs/media/default.png”,”width”:2560,”top”:2319,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-520×471.webp”,”thumbnail-width”:520,”thumbnail-height”:471,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-1720×1558.webp”,”medium-width”:1720,”medium-height”:1558,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-768×696.webp”,”medium_large-width”:768,”medium_large-height”:696,”broad”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-2880×2608.webp”,”large-width”:2880,”large-height”:2608,”1536×1536″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-1536×1391.webp”,”1536×1536-width”:1536,”1536×1536-height”:1391,”2048×2048″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-2048×1855.webp”,”2048×2048-width”:2048,”2048×2048-height”:1855,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-160×160.webp”,”square_small-width”:160,”square_small-height”:160,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/StaphnucleaseRibbonPencilSketch-coJaneRichardson-520×520.webp”,”square_large-width”:520,”square_large-height”:520}},”largeForPrint”:false,”externalLink”:””,”original_resolution”:false}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>Day in and time out, our cells are exhausting at paintings setting up other forms of proteins. Proteins are manufactured from strings of molecules referred to as amino acids, and each and every amino acid has a number of aspect chains made up of a number of atoms “coming off it like a lollipop,” mentioned u003ca href=” Thorntonu003c/a>, a computational biologist who retired from the Eu Molecular Biology Laboratory remaining 12 months. The amino acid spine innately folds right into a three-d form, referred to as a protein construction, which determines which different molecules the protein can bind to and, due to this fact, its serve as in a cellular.u003c/p>nu003cp>As soon as a structural biologist finished what was a years-long technique of reconstructing a protein’s 3-d construction, they confronted a brand new downside: tips on how to keep in touch that construction to different scientists. In fact, it’s impossibly tough to constitute a protein’s lifelike construction. Proteins are minuscule, at the order of nanometers, and will comprise masses of hundreds of atoms. “If the ones atoms are all drawn after which joined in combination, it turns into very tough to peer,” Thornton mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cp>Richardson’s innovation used to be a reproducible manner of representing the folds of a protein’s amino acid spine with out getting slowed down in the main points of explicit atomic preparations. She depended on proteins’ tendency to fold into two energetically favorable shapes: coils referred to as alpha helices and flat shapes referred to as beta strands, which will line up into so-called beta sheets. Then there are loops, which attach alpha helices to beta strands like nook items in a puzzle.u003c/p>nu003cp>There are different folding constructions, and “folks have get a hold of a variety of names” for them, Perrakis mentioned. “However on the finish of the day, those that subject are the helices and the sheets.”u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.4″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”structure”:”inline”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Mark Belan for u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:””,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.4.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.4.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”symbol”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.4.units.0.symbol”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.4.units.0.symbol”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:” her 12 months of sketching, Richardson got here up with easy tactics let’s say those fundamental shapes. Alpha helices are coils that appear to be the tails of ornamental ribbons, curled with the brink of a couple of scissors. Beta strands are arrows that time within the course by which the amino acid chain used to be constructed. And skinny wires constitute the loops and turns that attach the constructions. “That allowed us to practice the chain spherical and to peer those folds and visualize them in 3 dimensions,” Thornton mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cp>Richardson’s drawings temporarily stuck on amongst biologists for the way in which they mix good looks with clinical accuracy. “They’re nearly miraculous to me. I couldn’t start to do it,” Thornton mentioned. “Folks would write to Jane and say, ‘Will you do a drawing of my construction?’ … It used to be evident that no one else may just draw such gorgeous diagrams.”u003c/p>nu003cp>However Richardson couldn’t spend all her time drawing proteins. So biologists became to computer systems for inventive lend a hand. A few decade after the diagrams’ 1981 debut, researchers advanced algorithms to generate ribbon diagrams on computer systems. Richardson continuously collaborates with pc scientists running to carry new options to the diagrams. They usually’re nonetheless used these days: As u003ca href=” intelligenceu003c/a> has seeped into the sector of protein science, ribbon diagrams are outputs from algorithms equivalent to Google’s AlphaFold2.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.6″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”structure”:”broad”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Jane Richardsonu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Jane Richardson’s hand-drawn ribbon diagrams keep in touch protein construction persistently and skillfully. From left: para-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, catabolite activator protein, glycogen phosphorylase.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.6.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.6.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”symbol”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.6.units.0.symbol”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.6.units.0.symbol”:{“alt”:”A triptych of drawings of proteins, all drawn by way of hand with coloured pencil and appearing ribbons and arrows in Richardson’s taste”,”caption”:””,”url”:” is happy she doesn’t need to individually draw the various protein constructions that experience now been decoded. “I don’t have the eyes for it anymore, or the time,” she mentioned.u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>Past Ribbonsu003c/sturdy>u003c/h2>nu003cp>Richardson’s ribbon diagram has grow to be so ubiquitous, it may be tough to consider proteins having a look some other means. Bourne continuously reminds his scholars that proteins don’t if truth be told appear to be that.u003c/p>nu003cp>“A protein is not anything like a ribbon,” he mentioned. It’s a lot more dynamic, he added. Certain, proteins’ backbones fold up into constructions just like the coils and sheets that the ribbon diagrams constitute. However researchers can’t if truth be told see the ones constructions once they symbol proteins.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.8″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”structure”:”common”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Protein Information Banku003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Alternative ways of modeling proteins put across other forms of structural data. From left: Ribbon diagrams display the amino acid spine. Ball-and-stick fashions position each atom precisely. Area-filling fashions divulge binding websites for different molecules.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.acf.modules.8.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.8.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”symbol”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.8.units.0.symbol”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.8.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:140004.acf.modules.8.units.0.symbol”:{“alt”:”3 protein fashion varieties. From left: Ribbon diagram, ball-and-stick, space-filling.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” like to consider them as comfortable silicone fashions,” Perrakis mentioned. “You’ll be able to squeeze them slightly or bend them.”u003c/p>nu003cp>As simplifications, ribbon diagrams have their barriers, after all. They are able to’t put across some structural parts, equivalent to tunnels or wallet the place different molecules would possibly bind — data crucial for figuring out how proteins paintings and designing medicine to focus on them. In addition they don’t keep in touch construction smartly for greater proteins or complexes of more than one proteins.u003c/p>nu003cdiv identity=’component-66c8a28017516′ magnificence=””>u003cscript sort=”textual content/template”>{“sort”:”Article”,”identity”:”component-66c8a28017516″,”knowledge”:{“put up”:{“identity”:138623,”identify”:”How AI Revolutionized Protein Science, yet Didnu2019t Finish It”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-ai-revolutionized-protein-science-but-didnt-end-it-20240626/”,”date”:”June 26, 2024″,”featured_media_image”:{“url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”width”:521,”top”:293,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”broad”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”}},”acf”:{“featured_block_title”:””,”featured_image_default”:{“ID”:138632,”identity”:138632,”identify”:”ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default”,”filename”:”ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”filesize”:79848,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-ai-revolutionized-protein-science-but-didnt-end-it-20240626/proteinfolding-crfranpulido-default/”,”alt”:””,”creator”:”52094″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”title”:”proteinfolding-crfranpulido-default”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:138623,”date”:”2024-06-20 18:28:14″,”changed”:”2024-06-20 18:28:14″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”symbol/webp”,”sort”:”symbol”,”subtype”:”webp”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/photographs/media/default.png”,”width”:521,”top”:293,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”broad”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/ProteinFolding-crFranPulido-Default.webp”}},”kicker”:{“title”:”molecular biology”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/molecular-biology/”}},”authors”:[]}}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>“It will provide you with a three-d view of the form, nevertheless it additionally hides a large number of the options that we all know to be true about proteins,” Bourne mentioned. “In order that then can slender one’s considering.” He referred to as this “u003ca href=” curse of the protein ribbon diagramu003c/a>” in a 2022 essay.u003c/p>nu003cp>Some other well-liked illustration is the space-filling fashion, which presentations how a lot room atoms take in and appears extra like a real protein. It may well display proteins’ wallet and tunnels — yet it might probably’t constitute the protein structure, equivalent to helices and sheets. “It is dependent what you need to turn,” Perrakis mentioned. Many researchers take a look at differing types in combination to glean the entire vital structural data. What a protein seems like, Richardson mentioned, is how you select to constitute it.u003c/p>nu003cp>“That’s some of the liberating issues about drawing proteins … It’s additionally horrifying,” she mentioned. “It’s a little bit bizarre to me that everyone sees proteins the way in which I see them, or the way in which I noticed them in 1980.”u003c/p>nu003cp>Her diagrams are a horny excellent solution to see them, she added. “However it’s no longer the one means, that’s needless to say.”u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:140004.acf.sequence”:{“title”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0″:{“identify”:”Mathematicians End up Hawking Unsuitable In regards to the Maximum Excessive Black Holes”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/mathematicians-prove-hawking-wrong-about-extremal-black-holes-20240821/”,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.next.data.0.categories.0″,”typename”:”Term”}],”featured_media_image”:null,”acf”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Put up”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.classes.0″:{“slug”:”arithmetic”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”:{“template”:”article”,”featured_block_title”:””,”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_image_default”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-Default.webp”,”width”:520,”top”:292,”sizes”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Symbol”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-Default.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-Default-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-Default.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-Default.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-Default.webp”,”broad”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-Default.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-HP-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:1084,”sizes”:{“sort”:”identity”,”generated”:true,”identity”:”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Symbol”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-HP-520×220.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-HP-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-HP-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-HP-1720×729.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-HP-768×325.webp”,”broad”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/08/BlackHoleMath-crKristinaArmitage-HP-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:140004.subsequent”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:140004.next.data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”}}n”,”settings”:{“socialLinks”:[{“type”:”facebook”,”label”:”Facebook”,”url”:”https://www.facebook.com/QuantaNews”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”twitter”,”label”:”Twitter”,”url”:”https://twitter.com/QuantaMagazine”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”youtube”,”label”:”YouTube”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/QuantaScienceChannel”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”instagram”,”label”:”Instagram”,”url”:”https://instagram.com/quantamag”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”rss”,”label”:”RSS”,”url”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/feed/”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”}],”newsletterAction”:”https://quantamagazine.us1.list-manage.com/subscribe/put up?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&identity=f0cb61321c”,”newsletterUrl”:”http://us1.campaign-archive2.com/house/?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&identity=f0cb61321c”,”sfNotice”:”An editorially impartial newsletter supported by way of the Simons Basis.”,”commentsHeader”:”Quanta Mag moderates feedback to facilitate an educated, substantive, civil dialog. Abusive, profane, self-promotional, deceptive, incoherent or off-topic feedback can be rejected. Moderators are staffed all through common industry hours (New York time) and will simplest settle for feedback written in English. n”,”channels”:[{“title”:”The Joy of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and author Steven Strogatz and the astrophysicist and author Janna Levin interview leading researchers about the great scientific and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:” Science Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth news episodes based on Quanta Magazine’s articles about mathematics, physics, biology and computer science. “,”featured_image”:{“alt”:”text reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Joy of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and author Steven Strogatz interviews some of the world’s leading scientists about their lives and work.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”width”:1920,”height”:1080,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×293.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-1720×968.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-768×432.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”square_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”width”:600,”height”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-x/id1495067186″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/show/5HcCtKPH5gnOjRiMtTdC07?si=lFzCzat9QfuPU3hWuYibxQ”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi14Lw”,”subscribe_amazon_link”:””,”prx_feed_url”:””,”__typename”:”Channel”}],”editors”:[{“name”:”Bill Andrews – Senior Editor, CS, Columns”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Ben Brubaker – Staff CS Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Matt Carlstrom – Senior Engagement Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Jordana Cepelewicz – Senior Math Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Natalie Wolchover – Senior Physics Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Konstantin Kakaes – Senior Math Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Michael Moyer – Executive Editor, Physics, Math, CS”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”John Rennie – Deputy Editor, Biology, Podcasts”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu – Staff Biology Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Samuel Velasco – Art Director”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Charlie Wood – Staff Physics Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Christopher Young – Director of Video”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Hannah Waters – Senior Biology Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”}],”popularSearches”:[{“term”:”math”,”label”:”Mathematics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”physics”,”label”:”Physics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”black holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”searchTopics”:[{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“name”:”Quanta Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“name”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Series”,”label”:”Series”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“name”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Blog Posts”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Abstractions blog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”news”,”label”:”News Articles”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”videos”,”label”:”Videos”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”searchSections”:[{“name”:”Mathematics”,”slug”:”mathematics”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Computer Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Term”}],”searchAuthors”:[{“id”:”38171″,”name”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”28087″,”name”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29794″,”name”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53037″,”name”:”Alex Stone”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39302″,”name”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”56″,”name”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47249″,”name”:”Allison Parshall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29458″,”name”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”73″,”name”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53488″,”name”:”Amos Zeeberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39164″,”name”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59″,”name”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8728″,”name”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11648″,”name”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50964″,”name”:”Anna Funk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50172″,”name”:”Anna Gibbs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51678″,”name”:”Anna Kramer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42689″,”name”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”95″,”name”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52094″,”name”:”Arleen Santana”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57728″,”name”:”Asher Elbein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15493″,”name”:”Ashley Smart”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”450″,”name”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36490″,”name”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16315″,”name”:”Bill Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2752″,”name”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15492″,”name”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”68″,”name”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54352″,”name”:”C. Brandon Ogbunu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”62″,”name”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13684″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13691″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50″,”name”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50328″,”name”:”ccampbell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15142″,”name”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8084″,”name”:”Charlie Wood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”742″,”name”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51630″,”name”:”Christopher W. Young”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11543″,”name”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57″,”name”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7262″,”name”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”70″,”name”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55512″,”name”:”Dan Samorodnitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19918″,”name”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13695″,”name”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32676″,”name”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13724″,”name”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26310″,”name”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30207″,”name”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19266″,”name”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13251″,”name”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17000″,”name”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53469″,”name”:”Elise Cutts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54874″,”name”:”Elizabeth Finkel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17149″,”name”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5279″,”name”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”58″,”name”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32612″,”name”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53047″,”name”:”Elliot Lichtman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27534″,”name”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”25173″,”name”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”64″,”name”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47″,”name”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14784″,”name”:”Erika K. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”98″,”name”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5830″,”name”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6793″,”name”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”75″,”name”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52″,”name”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”69″,”name”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”77″,”name”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19092″,”name”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60512″,”name”:”Gregory Barber”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54635″,”name”:”Hannah Waters”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20557″,”name”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”66″,”name”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”46418″,”name”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”85″,”name”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54757″,”name”:”Jackson Ryan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37141″,”name”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44758″,”name”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”49403″,”name”:”James R. Riordon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12170″,”name”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54876″,”name”:”Javier Barbuzano”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60562″,”name”:”Jay Bennett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32″,”name”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51″,”name”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44787″,”name”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50541″,”name”:”John M. Beggs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”72″,”name”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16475″,”name”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”91″,”name”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10351″,”name”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31716″,”name”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1241″,”name”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”61114″,”name”:”Joseph Howlett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8463″,”name”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”49″,”name”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16815″,”name”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”67″,”name”:”K.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37462″,”name”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”87″,”name”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36139″,”name”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20556″,”name”:”Katherine Harmon Courage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”90″,”name”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39551″,”name”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27374″,”name”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40″,”name”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47633″,”name”:”Konstantin Kakaes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45758″,”name”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38413″,”name”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60230″,”name”:”Lance Fortnow”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55855″,”name”:”Laura Dattaro”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12570″,”name”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38699″,”name”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59443″,”name”:”Lesley Evans Ogden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23451″,”name”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”79″,”name”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38″,”name”:”Lucy Reading-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47180″,”name”:”Lyndie Chiou”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55532″,”name”:”Madison Goldberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60″,”name”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2333″,”name”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3569″,”name”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”414″,”name”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50807″,”name”:”Marta Zaraska”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20495″,”name”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47830″,”name”:”Matt von Hippel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17147″,”name”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30953″,”name”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32437″,”name”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57270″,”name”:”Maya Wei-Haas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38705″,”name”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”58054″,”name”:”Meghan Willcoxon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40613″,”name”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7186″,”name”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57384″,”name”:”Michael Greshko”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14093″,”name”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60863″,”name”:”Michael Kanyongolo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”34″,”name”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23″,”name”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”74″,”name”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19093″,”name”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50861″,”name”:”Mike Orcutt”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1472″,”name”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6476″,”name”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42264″,”name”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52093″,”name”:”Nadia Drake”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10″,”name”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37605″,”name”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”43298″,”name”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37428″,”name”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19962″,”name”:”Nola Taylor Tillman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51434″,”name”:”Nona Griffin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57764″,”name”:”Nora Bradford”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24″,”name”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1816″,”name”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”46889″,”name”:”Paul Chaikin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”84″,”name”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55″,”name”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50804″,”name”:”Polly Stryker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31″,”name”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24011″,”name”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”100″,”name”:”Quanta Magazine”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2784″,”name”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26114″,”name”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”9412″,”name”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”820″,”name”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1666″,”name”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20950″,”name”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”48″,”name”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”80″,”name”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15681″,”name”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51187″,”name”:”Robin Lloyd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24577″,”name”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”78″,”name”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59339″,”name”:”Samir Patel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23845″,”name”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”83″,”name”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55385″,”name”:”Sarah Scoles”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53621″,”name”:”Saugat Bolakhe”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”35441″,”name”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”76″,”name”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15680″,”name”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7239″,”name”:”Shannon Hall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44197″,”name”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”65″,”name”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5944″,”name”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”61″,”name”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”63″,”name”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26311″,”name”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”71″,”name”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17148″,”name”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13356″,”name”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17150″,”name”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39768″,”name”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2960″,”name”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52224″,”name”:”Theo Nicitopoulos”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14785″,”name”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3″,”name”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59313″,”name”:”Thomas Zurbuchen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54″,”name”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”88″,”name”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12964″,”name”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53″,”name”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”86″,”name”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3244″,”name”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”89″,”name”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15913″,”name”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42263″,”name”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45757″,”name”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”}],”adBehavior”:”in all places”,”adUrl”:” Entangled”,”adImageHome”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Web-Default_260.jpg”,”adImageArticle”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Article_160.jpg”,”adImageTablet”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Tablet_890.jpg”,”adImageMobile”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2021/09/2021PodcastAd_Web-Default_260.jpg”,”trackingScripts”:”rnrnrnrnrnrnrnrn”},”theme”:{“web page”:{“varieties”:”background,textual content,accessory”,”accessory”:”#ff8600″,”textual content”:”#1a1a1a”,”background”:”#FFFFFF”},”header”:{“sort”:”default”,”gradient”:{“colour”:”white”},”forged”:{“varieties”:”number one,secondary,hover”,”number one”:”#1a1a1a”,”secondary”:”#999999″,”hover”:”#ff8600″},”clear”:{“number one”:”white”,”secondary”:”white”,”hover”:”#ff8600″}}},”redirect”:null,”fallbackImage”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”width”:1200,”top”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520×260.gif”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-160×160.gif”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520×520.gif”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-768×384.gif”,”broad”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Symbol”}},”modals”:{“loginModal”:false,”signUpModal”:false,”forgotPasswordModal”:false,”resetPasswordModal”:false,”lightboxModal”:false,”callback”:null,”props”:null},”podcast”:{“identity”:null,”taking part in”:false,”period”:0,”currentTime”:0},”person”:{“loggedIn”:false,”savedArticleIDs”:[],”userEmail”:””,”editor”:false},”feedback”:{“open”:false},”cookies”:{“acceptedCookie”:false}},
env: {
APP_URL: ‘
NODE_ENV: ‘manufacturing’,
WP_URL: ‘
HAS_GOOGLE_ID: true,
HAS_FACEBOOK_ID: true,
},
}

Author: OpenAI