How ‘Idle’ Egg Cells Shield Their DNA From Injury | Quanta Mag

Having plenty of mitochondria is typically dangerous for cells as a result of their chemical process generates poisonous byproducts referred to as unfastened radicals. But if Böke peered within dormant human and frog oocytes, they weren’t overloaded with unfastened radicals in any respect. As she reported in a Nature paper printed in 2022, the oocytes’ mitochondria have been doing one thing unexpected: They have been skipping the step of their energy-generating procedure that produces those bad molecules. This intended that they produced much less calories total; Böke speculated that they direct the entire calories they do produce for expansion. No different mobile have been seen to try this.
“Oocytes are loopy,” mentioned David Pépin, affiliate director of the pediatric surgical analysis labs at Massachusetts Normal Health center. “They have got extra mitochondria than some other mobile, and the ones mitochondria are bizarre.”
The perils for long-lived cells transcend unfastened radicals. Scientists have noticed how calories manufacturing and expansion generate many proteins, together with clumps of misfolded and broken ones. To transparent this destructive detritus, neurons, which like oocytes are long-lasting cells that don’t divide, depend on biochemical pathways that refold and degrade bungled proteins. When this equipment fails, protein aggregates can devastate complete neural networks, snuffing out conversation and resulting in neurodegenerative illnesses like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and ALS.

After Böke printed her 2022 analysis on unfastened radicals, she puzzled how oocytes tamp down problematic proteins. She dug thru 1000’s of papers however couldn’t in finding any research characterizing how oocytes cope. So, she seemed to mouse oocytes to uncover the answer.
As a result of oocytes amplify so vastly and bring proteins so intensively all over their expansion duration, Böke anticipated to peer prime protein process within the two primary pathways answerable for clearing aggregates. As a substitute, she noticed much less process in immature oocytes than in mature egg cells.
“It doesn’t make a lot sense,” she mentioned. “Why would you set your degradative process down in case you’re going to develop and make plenty of issues?”
It was once since the oocytes weren’t degrading the harmful proteins — they have been storing them to wreck later.
When Böke and her group infused oocytes with a dye that illuminates protein aggregates, she noticed the proteins clustered in huge compartments. Probing additional, she used electron microscopy to expose those distinct garage gadgets as super-organelles, which she named ELVAs, or endolysosomal vesicular assemblies. Those pouchlike items are composed of lysosomes — the mobile’s waste-disposal organelles — and different protein-degrading equipment.
In younger oocytes, they’re positioned all the way through the cytoplasm. Later, as oocytes mature, ELVAs fuse in combination, relocate and ramp up their degradative equipment. By the point an oocyte is absolutely mature, destructive protein aggregates are undetectable, and the ELVAs vanish, revealing a blank cytoplasm.
It’s conceivable that different long-lived, nondividing cells have identical equipment that makes use of this catch-and-release technique for doing away with cell waste. As an example, researchers have discovered that some long-lived stem cells even have ELVA-like elements, which seize and retailer aggregates till the cells are in a position to divide. Neurons, too, can broaden triage facilities, referred to as aggresomes, for organizing misfolded proteins. Then again, neurons wreck their cell detritus all the way through their existence spans, whilst oocytes retailer them after which wipe them out all of sudden. Böke speculated that the oocytes’ approach is extra energy-efficient: Since their mitochondria produce much less calories total, they want it all for vital expansion to achieve reproductive adulthood.

Böke’s findings be offering new main points and a contemporary standpoint at the biology of oocytes. Additionally they recommend new approaches to fertility analysis. Medical analysis has proven that older individuals are much less prone to get pregnant than more youthful ones. The usual rationalization is that their eggs could also be “too previous” for being pregnant. However what if an previous egg is solely person who has amassed too many misfolded proteins?
Böke’s lab is lately participating with fertility clinics to take a look at protein aggregates in human oocytes. She suspects that components associated with oocyte expansion and high quality regulate, reminiscent of mitochondria and protein aggregation, might account for some unexplained infertility circumstances. “A damaged machine offers mistakes in many various tactics,” she mentioned. The important thing to figuring out the ones mistakes, and addressing them, will most likely come from analysis, like Böke’s, that seeks to grasp essentially how oocytes paintings.
rn // Outline dataLayer and the gtag serve as.rn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn serve as gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rnrn // Default ad_storage to ‘denied’.rn gtag(‘consent’, ‘default’, {rn ‘ad_storage’: ‘denied’rn });rnu003c/script>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003cscript>(serve as(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({‘gtm.get started’:rnnew Date().getTime(),match:’gtm.js’});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],rnj=d.createElement(s),dl=l!=’dataLayer’?’&l=”+l:”‘;j.async=true;j.src=rn’ Finish Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cnoscript>u003ciframe src=” width=”0″ taste=”show:none;visibility:hidden”>u003c/iframe>u003c/noscript>rnu003c!– Finish Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cscript>rnfunction getCookie(identify) {rn let price = “; ” + report.cookie;rn var portions = price.cut up(“; ” + identify + “=”);rn if (portions.period === 2) go back portions.pop().cut up(“;”).shift();rn}rnrnif(getCookie(‘acceptedPolicy’)) {rn// fb pixelrn!serve as(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)rn{if(f.fbq)go back;n=f.fbq=serve as()rn{n.callMethod? n.callMethod.observe(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}rn;rnif(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.model=’2.0′;rnn.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;rnt.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];rns.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,report,’script’,rn’ ‘190747804793608’); rnfbq(‘monitor’, ‘PageView’);rnrn// chartbeatrnvar _sf_async_config = { uid: 65564, area: ‘quantamagazine.org’, useCanonical: true };(serve as() {serve as loadChartbeat(){ window._sf_endpt = (new Date()).getTime(); var e = report.createElement(‘script’); e.setAttribute(‘language’, ‘javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘sort’, ‘textual content/javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘src’,’//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js’); report.frame.appendChild(e); };var oldonload = window.onload;window.onload = (typeof window.onload != ‘serve as’) ?loadChartbeat : serve as(){ oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); };})();rnrn// parsleyrnconst head = report.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rnconst parsleyScript = report.createElement(“script”);rnparsleyScript.sort = “textual content/javascript”;rnparsleyScript.src = “//cdn.parsely.com/keys/quantamagazine.org/p.js”;rnparsleyScript.identification = “parsley-cfg”;rn// finish parsleyrnrn//smartlookrn window.smartlook||(serve as(d) {rn var o=smartlook=serve as(){ o.api.push(arguments)},h=d.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rn var c=d.createElement(‘script’);o.api=new Array();c.async=true;c.sort=”textual content/javascript”;rn c.charset=”utf-8″;c.src=” })(report);rn smartlook(‘init’, ‘3bac9c73fbc7f7f1c527d035a117e2b66f7c3e30’);rnrn// Google Commercials conversionsrn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn serve as gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rn gtag(‘js’, new Date());rnrn gtag(‘config’, ‘AW-10788252298′);rnrn}rnu003c/script>rn”,”google_analytics”:null,”tracking_scripts_no_cookie”:null,”google_analytics_no_cookie”:null,”popular_searches”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.0″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.1″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.2″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.3″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”search_topics”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.0″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.1″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.2″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.3″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.4″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.5″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.6″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.7″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.8″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”search_sections”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.2″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.3″,”typename”:”Term”}],”search_authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38171″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:28087″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29794″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53037″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39302″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:56″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47249″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29458″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:73″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53488″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39164″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8728″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11648″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50964″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50172″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51678″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42689″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:95″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52094″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57728″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15493″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:450″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36490″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16315″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2752″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15492″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:68″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54352″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:62″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13684″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13691″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50328″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15142″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8084″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:742″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51630″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11543″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7262″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:70″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55512″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19918″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13695″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32676″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13724″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26310″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30207″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19266″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13251″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17000″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53469″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54874″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17149″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5279″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:58″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32612″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53047″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27534″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:25173″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:64″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:98″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5830″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6793″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:75″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:69″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:77″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19092″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54635″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20557″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:66″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:46418″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:85″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54757″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37141″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:49403″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12170″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54876″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44787″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50541″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:72″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16475″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:91″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10351″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31716″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1241″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8463″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:49″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16815″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:67″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37462″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:87″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36139″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20556″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:90″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39551″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27374″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47633″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38413″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55855″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12570″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38699″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59443″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23451″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:79″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47180″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55532″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2333″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3569″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:414″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50807″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20495″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47830″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17147″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30953″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32437″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57270″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38705″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:58054″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40613″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7186″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57384″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:34″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:74″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50861″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1472″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6476″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42264″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37605″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:43298″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37428″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19962″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51434″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57764″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1816″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:46889″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:84″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50804″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24011″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:100″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26114″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:9412″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:820″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1666″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20950″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:48″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:80″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15681″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51187″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24577″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:78″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23845″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:83″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55385″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53621″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:35441″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:76″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15680″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7239″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44197″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:65″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39028″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5944″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:61″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:63″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26311″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:71″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17148″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13356″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17150″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39768″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2960″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52224″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14785″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59313″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:88″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12964″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:86″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3244″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:89″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15913″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42263″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45757″,”typename”:”AuthorList”}],”address_to_editor”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.0″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.1″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.2″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.3″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.4″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.5″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.6″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.7″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.8″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.9″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.10″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.11″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.12″,”typename”:”Editor”}]},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices”:{“acf”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf”,”typename”:”ThemeOptions”},”__typename”:”Choices”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″,”sort”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”:{“custom_page_colors”:”background,textual content,accessory”,”page_accent_color”:”#ff8600″,”page_text_color”:”#1a1a1a”,”page_background_color”:”#FFFFFF”,”header_type”:”default”,”header_gradient_color”:null,”header_gradient_opacity”:null,”header_solid_colors”:”number one,secondary,hover”,”header_solid_primary_color”:”#1a1a1a”,”header_solid_secondary_color”:”#999999″,”header_solid_hover_color”:”#ff8600″,”header_transparent_colors”:null,”header_transparent_primary_color”:null,”header_transparent_secondary_color”:null,”header_transparent_hover_color”:null,”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″,”sort”:””}).knowledge.0″:{“acf”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″,”sort”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Submit”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″,”sort”:””})”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″,”type”:””}).data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPageMeta({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″,”sort”:””})”:{“redirect_path”:null,”meta”:”u003cmeta identify=”description” content material=”How do immature egg cells deal with genetic high quality for many years sooner than they mature? Scientists in finding abnormal safeguards on this quiescent mobile that can tell analysis into fertility.” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:symbol” content material=” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:symbol:width” content material=”1200″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:symbol:top” content material=”630″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:locale” content material=”en_US” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:sort” content material=”article” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:identify” content material=”How ‘Idle’ Egg Cells Shield Their DNA From Injury | Quanta Mag” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:description” content material=”How do immature egg cells deal with genetic high quality for many years sooner than they mature? Scientists in finding abnormal safeguards on this quiescent mobile that can tell analysis into fertility.” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:url” content material=” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:site_name” content material=”Quanta Mag” />nu003cmeta belongings=”og:updated_time” content material=”2024-05-13T14:36+00:00″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”article:writer” content material=” />nu003cmeta belongings=”facebook:app_id” content material=”533309373681765″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”article:published_time” content material=”2024-05-13T14:35+00:00″ />nu003cmeta belongings=”article:modified_time” content material=”2024-05-13T14:36+00:00″ />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:card” content material=”summary_large_image” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:web site” content material=”@QuantaMagazine” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:identify” content material=”How ‘Idle’ Egg Cells Shield Their DNA From Injury | Quanta Mag” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:description” content material=”How do immature egg cells deal with genetic high quality for many years sooner than they mature? Scientists in finding abnormal safeguards on this quiescent mobile that can tell analysis into fertility.” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:symbol” content material=” />nu003clink rel=”canonical” href=” />nu003cscript sort=”utility/ld+json”>{“@context”:”https://schema.org”,”@sort”:”BreadcrumbList”,”itemListElement”:[{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:1,”item”:{“@id”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/”,”name”:”Science and Math News”}},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:2,”item”:{“@id”:” News, Interviews and Columns From Quanta Magazine”}},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:3,”item”:{“@id”:”,”name”:”How u2018Idleu2019 Egg Cells Defend Their DNA From Damage”}}]}u003c/script>n”,”__typename”:”PageMeta”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.0″:{“sort”:”fb”,”label”:”Fb”,”url”:” Pleasure of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and writer Steven Strogatz and the astrophysicist and writer Janna Levin interview main researchers concerning the nice medical and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.featured_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”square_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.square_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” Science Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth information episodes according to Quanta Mag’s articles about arithmetic, physics, biology and pc science. “,”featured_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.featured_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”square_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.square_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Pleasure of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and writer Steven Strogatz interviews one of the global’s main scientists about their lives and paintings.”,”featured_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.featured_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”square_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.square_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.popular_searches.3″:{“time period”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0″:{“sort”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”:{“identify”:”Quanta Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1″:{“sort”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”:{“identify”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2″:{“sort”:”Collection”,”label”:”Collection”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”:{“identify”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”:{“identify”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”:{“identify”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”:{“identify”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”:{“identify”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6″:{“sort”:”Class”,”label”:”Weblog Posts”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”:{“identify”:”Abstractions weblog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7″:{“sort”:”information”,”label”:”Information Articles”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8″:{“sort”:”movies”,”label”:”Movies”,”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.0″:{“identify”:”Arithmetic”,”slug”:”arithmetic”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.1″:{“identify”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.2″:{“identify”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.3″:{“identify”:”Laptop Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”AuthorList:38171″:{“identification”:”38171″,”identify”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:28087″:{“identification”:”28087″,”identify”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29794″:{“identification”:”29794″,”identify”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53037″:{“identification”:”53037″,”identify”:”Alex Stone”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39302″:{“identification”:”39302″,”identify”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:56″:{“identification”:”56″,”identify”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47249″:{“identification”:”47249″,”identify”:”Allison Parshall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29458″:{“identification”:”29458″,”identify”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:73″:{“identification”:”73″,”identify”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53488″:{“identification”:”53488″,”identify”:”Amos Zeeberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39164″:{“identification”:”39164″,”identify”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59″:{“identification”:”59″,”identify”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8728″:{“identification”:”8728″,”identify”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11648″:{“identification”:”11648″,”identify”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50964″:{“identification”:”50964″,”identify”:”Anna Funk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50172″:{“identification”:”50172″,”identify”:”Anna Gibbs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51678″:{“identification”:”51678″,”identify”:”Anna Kramer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42689″:{“identification”:”42689″,”identify”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:95″:{“identification”:”95″,”identify”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52094″:{“identification”:”52094″,”identify”:”Arleen Santana”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57728″:{“identification”:”57728″,”identify”:”Asher Elbein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15493″:{“identification”:”15493″,”identify”:”Ashley Good”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:450″:{“identification”:”450″,”identify”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36490″:{“identification”:”36490″,”identify”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16315″:{“identification”:”16315″,”identify”:”Invoice Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2752″:{“identification”:”2752″,”identify”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15492″:{“identification”:”15492″,”identify”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:68″:{“identification”:”68″,”identify”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54352″:{“identification”:”54352″,”identify”:”C. Brandon Ogbunu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:62″:{“identification”:”62″,”identify”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13684″:{“identification”:”13684″,”identify”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13691″:{“identification”:”13691″,”identify”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50″:{“identification”:”50″,”identify”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50328″:{“identification”:”50328″,”identify”:”ccampbell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15142″:{“identification”:”15142″,”identify”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8084″:{“identification”:”8084″,”identify”:”Charlie Wooden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:742″:{“identification”:”742″,”identify”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51630″:{“identification”:”51630″,”identify”:”Christopher W. Younger”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11543″:{“identification”:”11543″,”identify”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57″:{“identification”:”57″,”identify”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7262″:{“identification”:”7262″,”identify”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:70″:{“identification”:”70″,”identify”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55512″:{“identification”:”55512″,”identify”:”Dan Samorodnitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19918″:{“identification”:”19918″,”identify”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13695″:{“identification”:”13695″,”identify”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32676″:{“identification”:”32676″,”identify”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13724″:{“identification”:”13724″,”identify”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26310″:{“identification”:”26310″,”identify”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30207″:{“identification”:”30207″,”identify”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19266″:{“identification”:”19266″,”identify”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13251″:{“identification”:”13251″,”identify”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17000″:{“identification”:”17000″,”identify”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53469″:{“identification”:”53469″,”identify”:”Elise Cutts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54874″:{“identification”:”54874″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Finkel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17149″:{“identification”:”17149″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5279″:{“identification”:”5279″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:58″:{“identification”:”58″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32612″:{“identification”:”32612″,”identify”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53047″:{“identification”:”53047″,”identify”:”Elliot Lichtman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27534″:{“identification”:”27534″,”identify”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:25173″:{“identification”:”25173″,”identify”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:64″:{“identification”:”64″,”identify”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47″:{“identification”:”47″,”identify”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14784″:{“identification”:”14784″,”identify”:”Erika Ok. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:98″:{“identification”:”98″,”identify”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5830″:{“identification”:”5830″,”identify”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6793″:{“identification”:”6793″,”identify”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:75″:{“identification”:”75″,”identify”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52″:{“identification”:”52″,”identify”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:69″:{“identification”:”69″,”identify”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:77″:{“identification”:”77″,”identify”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19092″:{“identification”:”19092″,”identify”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54635″:{“identification”:”54635″,”identify”:”Hannah Waters”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20557″:{“identification”:”20557″,”identify”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:66″:{“identification”:”66″,”identify”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:46418″:{“identification”:”46418″,”identify”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:85″:{“identification”:”85″,”identify”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54757″:{“identification”:”54757″,”identify”:”Jackson Ryan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37141″:{“identification”:”37141″,”identify”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44758″:{“identification”:”44758″,”identify”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:49403″:{“identification”:”49403″,”identify”:”James R. Riordon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12170″:{“identification”:”12170″,”identify”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54876″:{“identification”:”54876″,”identify”:”Javier Barbuzano”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32″:{“identification”:”32″,”identify”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51″:{“identification”:”51″,”identify”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44787″:{“identification”:”44787″,”identify”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50541″:{“identification”:”50541″,”identify”:”John M. Beggs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:72″:{“identification”:”72″,”identify”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16475″:{“identification”:”16475″,”identify”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:91″:{“identification”:”91″,”identify”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10351″:{“identification”:”10351″,”identify”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31716″:{“identification”:”31716″,”identify”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1241″:{“identification”:”1241″,”identify”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8463″:{“identification”:”8463″,”identify”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:49″:{“identification”:”49″,”identify”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16815″:{“identification”:”16815″,”identify”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:67″:{“identification”:”67″,”identify”:”Ok.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37462″:{“identification”:”37462″,”identify”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:87″:{“identification”:”87″,”identify”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36139″:{“identification”:”36139″,”identify”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20556″:{“identification”:”20556″,”identify”:”Katherine Harmon Braveness”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:90″:{“identification”:”90″,”identify”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39551″:{“identification”:”39551″,”identify”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27374″:{“identification”:”27374″,”identify”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40″:{“identification”:”40″,”identify”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47633″:{“identification”:”47633″,”identify”:”Konstantin Kakaes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45758″:{“identification”:”45758″,”identify”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38413″:{“identification”:”38413″,”identify”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55855″:{“identification”:”55855″,”identify”:”Laura Dattaro”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12570″:{“identification”:”12570″,”identify”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38699″:{“identification”:”38699″,”identify”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59443″:{“identification”:”59443″,”identify”:”Lesley Evans Ogden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23451″:{“identification”:”23451″,”identify”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:79″:{“identification”:”79″,”identify”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38″:{“identification”:”38″,”identify”:”Lucy Studying-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47180″:{“identification”:”47180″,”identify”:”Lyndie Chiou”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55532″:{“identification”:”55532″,”identify”:”Madison Goldberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60″:{“identification”:”60″,”identify”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2333″:{“identification”:”2333″,”identify”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3569″:{“identification”:”3569″,”identify”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:414″:{“identification”:”414″,”identify”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50807″:{“identification”:”50807″,”identify”:”Marta Zaraska”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20495″:{“identification”:”20495″,”identify”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47830″:{“identification”:”47830″,”identify”:”Matt von Hippel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17147″:{“identification”:”17147″,”identify”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30953″:{“identification”:”30953″,”identify”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32437″:{“identification”:”32437″,”identify”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57270″:{“identification”:”57270″,”identify”:”Maya Wei-Haas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38705″:{“identification”:”38705″,”identify”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:58054″:{“identification”:”58054″,”identify”:”Meghan Willcoxon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40613″:{“identification”:”40613″,”identify”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7186″:{“identification”:”7186″,”identify”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57384″:{“identification”:”57384″,”identify”:”Michael Greshko”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14093″:{“identification”:”14093″,”identify”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:34″:{“identification”:”34″,”identify”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23″:{“identification”:”23″,”identify”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:74″:{“identification”:”74″,”identify”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19093″:{“identification”:”19093″,”identify”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50861″:{“identification”:”50861″,”identify”:”Mike Orcutt”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1472″:{“identification”:”1472″,”identify”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6476″:{“identification”:”6476″,”identify”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42264″:{“identification”:”42264″,”identify”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52093″:{“identification”:”52093″,”identify”:”Nadia Drake”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10″:{“identification”:”10″,”identify”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37605″:{“identification”:”37605″,”identify”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:43298″:{“identification”:”43298″,”identify”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37428″:{“identification”:”37428″,”identify”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19962″:{“identification”:”19962″,”identify”:”Nola Taylor Tillman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51434″:{“identification”:”51434″,”identify”:”Nona Griffin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57764″:{“identification”:”57764″,”identify”:”Nora Bradford”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24″:{“identification”:”24″,”identify”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1816″:{“identification”:”1816″,”identify”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:46889″:{“identification”:”46889″,”identify”:”Paul Chaikin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:84″:{“identification”:”84″,”identify”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55″:{“identification”:”55″,”identify”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50804″:{“identification”:”50804″,”identify”:”Polly Stryker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31″:{“identification”:”31″,”identify”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24011″:{“identification”:”24011″,”identify”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:100″:{“identification”:”100″,”identify”:”Quanta Mag”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2784″:{“identification”:”2784″,”identify”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26114″:{“identification”:”26114″,”identify”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:9412″:{“identification”:”9412″,”identify”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:820″:{“identification”:”820″,”identify”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1666″:{“identification”:”1666″,”identify”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20950″:{“identification”:”20950″,”identify”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:48″:{“identification”:”48″,”identify”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:80″:{“identification”:”80″,”identify”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15681″:{“identification”:”15681″,”identify”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51187″:{“identification”:”51187″,”identify”:”Robin Lloyd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24577″:{“identification”:”24577″,”identify”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:78″:{“identification”:”78″,”identify”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23845″:{“identification”:”23845″,”identify”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:83″:{“identification”:”83″,”identify”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55385″:{“identification”:”55385″,”identify”:”Sarah Scoles”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53621″:{“identification”:”53621″,”identify”:”Saugat Bolakhe”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:35441″:{“identification”:”35441″,”identify”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:76″:{“identification”:”76″,”identify”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15680″:{“identification”:”15680″,”identify”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7239″:{“identification”:”7239″,”identify”:”Shannon Corridor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44197″:{“identification”:”44197″,”identify”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:65″:{“identification”:”65″,”identify”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39028″:{“identification”:”39028″,”identify”:”skhaled”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5944″:{“identification”:”5944″,”identify”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:61″:{“identification”:”61″,”identify”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:63″:{“identification”:”63″,”identify”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26311″:{“identification”:”26311″,”identify”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:71″:{“identification”:”71″,”identify”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17148″:{“identification”:”17148″,”identify”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13356″:{“identification”:”13356″,”identify”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17150″:{“identification”:”17150″,”identify”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39768″:{“identification”:”39768″,”identify”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2960″:{“identification”:”2960″,”identify”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52224″:{“identification”:”52224″,”identify”:”Theo Nicitopoulos”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14785″:{“identification”:”14785″,”identify”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3″:{“identification”:”3″,”identify”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59313″:{“identification”:”59313″,”identify”:”Thomas Zurbuchen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54″:{“identification”:”54″,”identify”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:88″:{“identification”:”88″,”identify”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12964″:{“identification”:”12964″,”identify”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53″:{“identification”:”53″,”identify”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:86″:{“identification”:”86″,”identify”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3244″:{“identification”:”3244″,”identify”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:89″:{“identification”:”89″,”identify”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15913″:{“identification”:”15913″,”identify”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42263″:{“identification”:”42263″,”identify”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45757″:{“identification”:”45757″,”identify”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.0″:{“identify”:”Invoice Andrews – Senior Editor, CS, Columns”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.1″:{“identify”:”Ben Brubaker – Team of workers CS Creator”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.2″:{“identify”:”Matt Carlstrom – Senior Engagement Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.3″:{“identify”:”Jordana Cepelewicz – Senior Math Creator”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.4″:{“identify”:”Natalie Wolchover – Senior Physics Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.5″:{“identify”:”Konstantin Kakaes – Senior Math Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.6″:{“identify”:”Michael Moyer – Government Editor, Physics, Math, CS”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.7″:{“identify”:”John Rennie – Deputy Editor, Biology, Podcasts”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.8″:{“identify”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu – Team of workers Biology Creator”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.9″:{“identify”:”Samuel Velasco – Artwork Director”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.10″:{“identify”:”Charlie Wooden – Team of workers Physics Creator”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.11″:{“identify”:”Christopher Younger – Director of Video”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.12″:{“identify”:”Hannah Waters – Senior Biology Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).pieces.0″:{“identify”:”About Quanta”,”url”:” Us”,”url”:” & Prerequisites”,”url”:” Coverage”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/privacy-policy/”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”})”:{“pieces”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.0″:{“identify”:”Physics”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.1″:{“identify”:”Arithmetic”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/arithmetic/”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.2″:{“identify”:”Biology”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/biology/”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.3″:{“identify”:”Laptop Science”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/computer-science/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.4″:{“identify”:”Subjects”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/subjects”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).pieces.5″:{“identify”:”Archive”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/archive/”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”})”:{“pieces”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.0″:{“identify”:”Weblog”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/abstractions/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.1″:{“identify”:”Columns”,”url”:”/tag/quantized”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.2″:{“identify”:”Interviews”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/qa/”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.3″:{“identify”:”Podcasts”,”url”:”/podcasts/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.4″:{“identify”:”Puzzles”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/puzzles/”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.5″:{“identify”:”Multimedia”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/multimedia/”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.6″:{“identify”:”Movies”,”url”:”/movies”,”order”:7,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).pieces.7″:{“identify”:”About Quanta”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/about/”,”order”:8,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”})”:{“pieces”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.6″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.7″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″})”:{“sort”:”put up”,”meta”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″}).meta”,”typename”:”PageData”},”knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Post:137886″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513″}).meta”:{“identify”:”How ‘Idle’ Egg Cells Shield Their DNA From Injury | Quanta Mag”,”max_num_pages”:0,”found_posts”:0,”extra_term”:””,”writer”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:false,”identification”:”Creator:null”,”typename”:”Creator”},”tag”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:false,”identification”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:false,”identification”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”PageData”},”Creator:null”:{“identification”:null,”identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”url”:null,”public_email”:null,”fb”:null,”twitter”:null,”instagram”:null,”acf”:null,”__typename”:”Creator”},”Time period:null”:{“identification”:null,”slug”:null,”identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”symbol”:””,”__typename”:”Time period”},”Submit:137886″:{“identification”:”137886″,”identify”:”How ‘Idle’ Egg Cells Shield Their DNA From Injury”,”excerpt”:”u003cp>How do immature egg cells deal with genetic high quality for many years sooner than they mature? Scientists in finding abnormal safeguards on this quiescent mobile that can tell analysis into fertility.u003c/p>n”,”hyperlink”:” https://www.quantamagazine.org/?p=137886″,”date”:”2024-05-13T10:35:50″,”featured_media_image”:null,”authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:137886.authors.0″,”typename”:”Author”}],”tags”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:137886.tags.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:137886.tags.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:137886.tags.2″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:137886.tags.3″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:137886.tags.4″,”typename”:”Term”}],”podcast”:null,”acf”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Submit”,”standing”:”submit”,”content material”:””,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Term:191″,”typename”:”Term”}],”attachments”:null,”series_prev”:null,”series_next”:null,”subsequent”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.subsequent”,”typename”:”PostPageArchive”}},”Submit:137886.authors.0″:{“identify”:”Meghan Willcoxon”,”hyperlink”:” biology”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/cell-biology/”},”Submit:137886.tags.2″:{“slug”:”cells”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”cells”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/cells/”},”Submit:137886.tags.3″:{“slug”:”dna”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”DNA”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/dna/”},”Submit:137886.tags.4″:{“slug”:”mitochondria”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”mitochondria”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/mitochondria/”},”$Submit:137886.acf”:{“featured_block_title”:””,”kicker”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.kicker”,”typename”:”Time period”},”featured_image_default”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_square”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.featured_image_square”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_video”:”false”,”full_page_interactive”:false,”podcast_publish_date”:””,”__typename”:”ACFFields”,”interactive_type”:null,”iframe_url”:null,”return_cursor”:null,”exclude_blurb”:null,”exclude_entire_footer”:null,”interactive_html”:null,”interactive_css”:null,”interactive_js”:null,”interactive_blurb”:null,”related_article”:null,”modules”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.acf.modules.0″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.acf.modules.1″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.acf.modules.2″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.acf.modules.3″,”typename”:”ACFContent”}],”template”:”article”,”subtitle”:”How do immature egg cells deal with genetic high quality for many years sooner than they mature? Scientists in finding abnormal safeguards on this quiescent mobile that can tell analysis into fertility.”,”title_layout”:”default”,”title_background_type”:null,”title_background_image”:null,”title_background_video”:null,”title_background_attribution”:null,”title_background_image_gif”:null,”title_overlay_enable”:null,”title_overlay_color”:null,”title_overlay_opacity”:null,”title_text_color”:null,”featured_image_attribution”:”u003cp>Steve Gschmeissner/Science Sourceu003c/p>n”,”featured_overlay_enable”:”false”,”featured_overlay_color”:null,”featured_overlay_opacity”:null,”sequence”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.sequence”,”typename”:”Time period”},”intro_content”:null,”make_image_full_width”:null,”hide_ad_on_post”:false},”$Submit:137886.acf.kicker”:{“identify”:”mobile biology”,”hyperlink”:” coloured scanning electron micrograph of a growing egg in an ovary follicle. The growing egg (oocyte) is a large, flat oval sitting on a box of follicular cells.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” coloured scanning electron micrograph of a growing egg in an ovary follicle. The growing egg (oocyte) is a large, flat oval sitting on a box of follicular cells.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” coloured scanning electron micrograph of a growing egg in an ovary follicle. The growing egg (oocyte) is a large, flat oval sitting on a box of follicular cells.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Intern”,”avatar”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.authors.0.acf.avatar”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”__typename”:”AuthorACF”},”$Submit:137886.authors.0.acf.avatar”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:” Gschmeissner/Science Sourceu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>An oocyte, engulfed by means of the follicle and cells that make stronger its decades-long existence span, has an abnormal method of coping with contaminants to maintain its mitochondrial DNA and cytoplasm — either one of which can be handed directly to the following era.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.acf.modules.0.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.0.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”symbol”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.0.units.0.symbol”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.0.units.0.symbol”:{“alt”:”A coloured scanning electron micrograph of a growing egg in an ovary follicle. The growing egg (oocyte) is a large, flat oval sitting on a box of follicular cells.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” of the entire cells within the frame, oocytes are essentially the most affected person. The immature egg cells shape within a feminine’s frame when she’s nonetheless a fetus in her mom’s womb, after which they wait in a quiescent state for years, if now not many years. Cocooned within ovaries, they pause, neither dividing nor replicating their DNA, in order that at some point they are going to move alongside pristinely preserved genetic knowledge to the following era.u003c/p>nu003cp>But sitting quietly for 12 months upon 12 months with out degrading is immensely difficult for cells. Dormancy might cut back the wear and tear and tear on oocytes, but it surely additionally reduces their talent to fix the inevitable harm they maintain on the molecular stage. Just lately, in a find out about printed in u003cem>Cellu003c/em>, researchers came upon how mouse oocytes u003ca href=” DNA safeu003c/a> from harmful proteins. The cells assemble particular compartments inside of themselves to quickly sequester the proteins. Then, heeding a molecular sign, the garage gadgets disperse all of sudden, nearly vanishing at the side of their bad shipment. Thus wiped clean, the oocyte is left to mature safely.u003c/p>nu003cp>The effects are “stunning and tremendous fascinating,” mentioned u003ca href=” Verlhacu003c/a>, a mobile biologist on the Collège de France Middle for Interdisciplinary Analysis in Biology, who was once now not concerned within the find out about. They display how abnormal oocytes are, she added. “You may have the influence they’re distinctive.”u003c/p>nu003cp>The paintings finds a brand new method that oocytes quietly paintings to maintain genetic high quality, and opens new avenues of study into addressing issues of fertility.u003c/p>nu003cp>Oocytes are long-lived, an unusual trait amongst cells. A feminine human child is normally born with 1 million to two million of them. Early in existence, the cells are tiny and normally don’t do a lot — researchers incessantly name them “idle.” However through the years they get a lot larger: Right through the primary decade of existence, human oocytes develop 64-fold — a “huge enlargement” that calls for so much from the energy-producing cell organelles referred to as mitochondria, mentioned u003ca href=” Bökeu003c/a>, a mobile biologist on the Middle for Genomic Legislation in Barcelona, Spain. The collection of mitochondria in oocytes balloons from only a u003ca href=” thousandu003c/a> to masses of 1000’s.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.2″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”common”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>MICROSCAPE/Science Sourceu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>An oocyte rests in an ovarian follicle, the place it stays dormant for years and is nurtured by means of surrounding granulosa cells. After a feminine is going thru puberty, each month a hormonal sign triggers one oocyte out of masses of 1000’s to mature.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.acf.modules.2.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.2.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”symbol”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.2.units.0.symbol”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:137886.acf.modules.2.units.0.symbol”:{“alt”:”Gentle microscopy symbol of a rising ovarian follicle, stained crimson. The oocyte sits amid a hoop of granulosa cells.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” plenty of mitochondria is typically dangerous for cells as a result of their chemical process generates poisonous byproducts referred to as unfastened radicals. But if Böke peered within dormant human and frog oocytes, they weren’t overloaded with unfastened radicals in any respect. As she reported in a u003cem>Natureu003c/em> paper printed in 2022, the oocytes’ mitochondria have been doing one thing unexpected: They have been u003ca href=” the stepu003c/a> of their energy-generating procedure that produces those bad molecules. This intended that they produced much less calories total; Böke speculated that they direct the entire calories they do produce for expansion. No different mobile have been seen to try this.u003c/p>nu003cp>“Oocytes are loopy,” mentioned u003ca href=” Pépinu003c/a>, affiliate director of the pediatric surgical analysis labs at Massachusetts Normal Health center. “They have got extra mitochondria than some other mobile, and the ones mitochondria are bizarre.”u003c/p>nu003cp>The perils for long-lived cells transcend unfastened radicals. Scientists have noticed how calories manufacturing and expansion generate many proteins, together with clumps of misfolded and broken ones. To transparent this destructive detritus, neurons, which like oocytes are long-lasting cells that don’t divide, depend on u003ca href=” pathwaysu003c/a> that refold and degrade bungled proteins. When this equipment fails, protein aggregates can u003ca href=” complete neural networksu003c/a>, snuffing out conversation and resulting in neurodegenerative illnesses like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and ALS.u003c/p>nu003cdiv identification=’component-6642258328f7d’ magnificence=””>u003cscript sort=”textual content/template”>{“sort”:”Symbol”,”identification”:”component-6642258328f7d”,”knowledge”:{“identification”:137898,”src”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona.webp”,”alt”:”Elvan Bu00f6ke portrait dressed in a pink blouse and smiling on the digital camera.”,”magnificence”:””,”width”:1275,”top”:1492,”mobileSrc”:false,”zoomSrc”:false,”mobileZoomSrc”:false,”align”:”align=”proper””,”wrapper_width”:””,”caption”:”u003cp>Elvan Bu00f6ke starts her analysis by means of asking fundamental questions on oocyte biology that nobody else has requested. With this method, she and her group have published safeguards that oocytes make use of to maintain their high quality for many years.u003c/p>n”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Courtesy of CRG, Barcelonau003c/p>n”,”variant”:”shortcode”,”dimension”:”default”,”disableZoom”:true,”disableMobileZoom”:false,”srcImage”:{“ID”:137898,”identification”:137898,”identify”:”ElvanBou0308ke-coCRG_Barcelona”,”filename”:”ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona.webp”,”filesize”:807312,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona.webp”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-idle-egg-cells-defend-their-dna-from-damage-20240513/elvanboke-cocrg_barcelona/”,”alt”:”Elvan Bu00f6ke portrait dressed in a pink blouse and smiling on the digital camera.”,”writer”:”52094″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”identify”:”elvanboke-cocrg_barcelona”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:137886,”date”:”2024-05-10 21:06:47″,”changed”:”2024-05-10 21:07:35″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”symbol/webp”,”sort”:”symbol”,”subtype”:”webp”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/photographs/media/default.png”,”width”:1275,”top”:1492,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona-444×520.webp”,”thumbnail-width”:444,”thumbnail-height”:520,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona.webp”,”medium-width”:1275,”medium-height”:1492,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona-768×899.webp”,”medium_large-width”:768,”medium_large-height”:899,”huge”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona.webp”,”large-width”:1275,”large-height”:1492,”1536×1536″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona.webp”,”1536×1536-width”:1275,”1536×1536-height”:1492,”2048×2048″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona.webp”,”2048×2048-width”:1275,”2048×2048-height”:1492,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona-160×160.webp”,”square_small-width”:160,”square_small-height”:160,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ElvanBoke-coCRG_Barcelona-520×520.webp”,”square_large-width”:520,”square_large-height”:520}},”largeForPrint”:true,”externalLink”:””,”original_resolution”:false}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>After Böke printed her 2022 analysis on unfastened radicals, she puzzled how oocytes tamp down problematic proteins. She dug thru 1000’s of papers however couldn’t in finding any research characterizing how oocytes cope. So, she seemed to mouse oocytes to uncover the answer.u003c/p>nu003cp>As a result of oocytes amplify so vastly and bring proteins so intensively all over their expansion duration, Böke anticipated to peer prime protein process within the two primary pathways answerable for clearing aggregates. As a substitute, she noticed much less process in immature oocytes than in mature egg cells.u003c/p>nu003cp>“It doesn’t make a lot sense,” she mentioned. “Why would you set your degradative process down in case you’re going to develop and make plenty of issues?”u003c/p>nu003cp>It was once since the oocytes weren’t degrading the harmful proteins — they have been storing them to wreck later.u003c/p>nu003cp>When Böke and her group infused oocytes with a dye that illuminates protein aggregates, she noticed the proteins clustered in huge compartments. Probing additional, she used electron microscopy to expose those distinct garage gadgets as super-organelles, which she named ELVAs, or endolysosomal vesicular assemblies. Those pouchlike items are composed of lysosomes — the mobile’s waste-disposal organelles — and different protein-degrading equipment.u003c/p>nu003cp>In younger oocytes, they’re positioned all the way through the cytoplasm. Later, as oocytes mature, ELVAs fuse in combination, relocate and ramp up their degradative equipment. By the point an oocyte is absolutely mature, destructive protein aggregates are undetectable, and the ELVAs vanish, revealing a blank cytoplasm.u003c/p>nu003cp>It’s conceivable that different long-lived, nondividing cells have identical equipment that makes use of this catch-and-release technique for doing away with cell waste. As an example, researchers have discovered that some u003ca href=” stem cellsu003c/a> even have ELVA-like elements, which seize and retailer aggregates till the cells are in a position to divide. Neurons, too, can broaden triage facilities, referred to as aggresomes, for organizing misfolded proteins. Then again, neurons wreck their cell detritus all the way through their existence spans, whilst oocytes retailer them after which wipe them out all of sudden. Böke speculated that the oocytes’ approach is extra energy-efficient: Since their mitochondria produce much less calories total, they want it all for vital expansion to achieve reproductive adulthood.u003c/p>nu003cdiv identification=’component-664225832d155′ magnificence=”related-list”>u003cscript sort=”textual content/template”>{“sort”:”LinkList”,”identification”:”component-664225832d155″,”knowledge”:{“identify”:”Similar:”,”magnificence”:”related-list”,”hyperlinks”:[{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/cell-by-cell-scientists-map-the-genetic-steps-as-eggs-become-animals-20180426/”,”title”:”Cell by Cell, Scientists Map the Genetic Steps as Eggs Become Animals”},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/cellular-self-destruction-may-be-ancient-but-why-20240306/”,”title”:”Cellular Self-Destruction May Be Ancient. But Why?”},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-causes-alzheimers-scientists-are-rethinking-the-answer-20221208/”,”title”:”What Causes Alzheimeru2019s? Scientists Are Rethinking the Answer.”}]}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>Böke’s findings be offering new main points and a contemporary standpoint at the biology of oocytes. Additionally they recommend new approaches to fertility analysis. Medical analysis has proven that older individuals are u003ca href=” prone to get pregnantu003c/a> than more youthful ones. The usual rationalization is that their eggs could also be “too previous” for being pregnant. However what if an previous egg is solely person who has amassed too many misfolded proteins?u003c/p>nu003cp>Böke’s lab is lately participating with fertility clinics to take a look at protein aggregates in human oocytes. She suspects that components associated with oocyte expansion and high quality regulate, reminiscent of mitochondria and protein aggregation, might account for some unexplained infertility circumstances. “A damaged machine offers mistakes in many various tactics,” she mentioned. The important thing to figuring out the ones mistakes, and addressing them, will most likely come from analysis, like Böke’s, that seeks to grasp essentially how oocytes paintings.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:137886.acf.sequence”:{“identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0″:{“identify”:”Sport Concept Can Make AI Extra Proper and Environment friendly”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/game-theory-can-make-ai-more-correct-and-efficient-20240509/”,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.next.data.0.categories.0″,”typename”:”Term”}],”featured_media_image”:null,”acf”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Submit”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.classes.0″:{“slug”:”computer-science”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”:{“template”:”article”,”featured_block_title”:””,”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_image_default”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Symbol”},”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-Default.webp”,”width”:520,”top”:292,”sizes”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Symbol”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-Default.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-Default-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-Default.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-Default.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-Default.webp”,”huge”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-Default.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-HP-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:1084,”sizes”:{“sort”:”identification”,”generated”:true,”identification”:”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Symbol”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-HP-520×220.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-HP-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-HP-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-HP-1720×728.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-HP-768×325.webp”,”huge”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/05/ConsensusGame-bySenorSalme-HP-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:137886.subsequent”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:137886.next.data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”}}n”,”settings”:{“socialLinks”:[{“type”:”facebook”,”label”:”Facebook”,”url”:”https://www.facebook.com/QuantaNews”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”twitter”,”label”:”Twitter”,”url”:”https://twitter.com/QuantaMagazine”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”youtube”,”label”:”YouTube”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/QuantaScienceChannel”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”instagram”,”label”:”Instagram”,”url”:”https://instagram.com/quantamag”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”rss”,”label”:”RSS”,”url”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/feed/”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”}],”newsletterAction”:”https://quantamagazine.us1.list-manage.com/subscribe/put up?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&identification=f0cb61321c”,”newsletterUrl”:”http://us1.campaign-archive2.com/house/?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&identification=f0cb61321c”,”sfNotice”:”An editorially impartial newsletter supported by means of the Simons Basis.”,”commentsHeader”:”Quanta Mag moderates feedback to facilitate an educated, substantive, civil dialog. Abusive, profane, self-promotional, deceptive, incoherent or off-topic feedback will probably be rejected. Moderators are staffed all over common trade hours (New York time) and will best settle for feedback written in English. n”,”channels”:[{“title”:”The Joy of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and author Steven Strogatz and the astrophysicist and author Janna Levin interview leading researchers about the great scientific and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:” Science Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth news episodes based on Quanta Magazine’s articles about mathematics, physics, biology and computer science. “,”featured_image”:{“alt”:”text reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Joy of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and author Steven Strogatz interviews some of the world’s leading scientists about their lives and work.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”width”:1920,”height”:1080,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×293.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-1720×968.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-768×432.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”square_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”width”:600,”height”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-x/id1495067186″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/show/5HcCtKPH5gnOjRiMtTdC07?si=lFzCzat9QfuPU3hWuYibxQ”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi14Lw”,”subscribe_amazon_link”:””,”prx_feed_url”:””,”__typename”:”Channel”}],”editors”:[{“name”:”Bill Andrews – Senior Editor, CS, Columns”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Ben Brubaker – Staff CS Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Matt Carlstrom – Senior Engagement Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Jordana Cepelewicz – Senior Math Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Natalie Wolchover – Senior Physics Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Konstantin Kakaes – Senior Math Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Michael Moyer – Executive Editor, Physics, Math, CS”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”John Rennie – Deputy Editor, Biology, Podcasts”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu – Staff Biology Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Samuel Velasco – Art Director”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Charlie Wood – Staff Physics Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Christopher Young – Director of Video”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Hannah Waters – Senior Biology Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”}],”popularSearches”:[{“term”:”math”,”label”:”Mathematics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”physics”,”label”:”Physics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”black holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”searchTopics”:[{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“name”:”Quanta Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“name”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Series”,”label”:”Series”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“name”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Blog Posts”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Abstractions blog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”news”,”label”:”News Articles”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”videos”,”label”:”Videos”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”searchSections”:[{“name”:”Mathematics”,”slug”:”mathematics”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Computer Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Term”}],”searchAuthors”:[{“id”:”38171″,”name”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”28087″,”name”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29794″,”name”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53037″,”name”:”Alex Stone”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39302″,”name”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”56″,”name”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47249″,”name”:”Allison Parshall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29458″,”name”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”73″,”name”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53488″,”name”:”Amos Zeeberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39164″,”name”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59″,”name”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8728″,”name”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11648″,”name”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50964″,”name”:”Anna Funk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50172″,”name”:”Anna Gibbs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51678″,”name”:”Anna Kramer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42689″,”name”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”95″,”name”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52094″,”name”:”Arleen Santana”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57728″,”name”:”Asher Elbein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15493″,”name”:”Ashley Smart”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”450″,”name”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36490″,”name”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16315″,”name”:”Bill Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2752″,”name”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15492″,”name”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”68″,”name”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54352″,”name”:”C. Brandon Ogbunu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”62″,”name”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13684″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13691″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50″,”name”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50328″,”name”:”ccampbell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15142″,”name”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8084″,”name”:”Charlie Wood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”742″,”name”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51630″,”name”:”Christopher W. Young”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11543″,”name”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57″,”name”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7262″,”name”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”70″,”name”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55512″,”name”:”Dan Samorodnitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19918″,”name”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13695″,”name”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32676″,”name”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13724″,”name”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26310″,”name”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30207″,”name”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19266″,”name”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13251″,”name”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17000″,”name”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53469″,”name”:”Elise Cutts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54874″,”name”:”Elizabeth Finkel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17149″,”name”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5279″,”name”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”58″,”name”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32612″,”name”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53047″,”name”:”Elliot Lichtman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27534″,”name”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”25173″,”name”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”64″,”name”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47″,”name”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14784″,”name”:”Erika K. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”98″,”name”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5830″,”name”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6793″,”name”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”75″,”name”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52″,”name”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”69″,”name”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”77″,”name”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19092″,”name”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54635″,”name”:”Hannah Waters”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20557″,”name”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”66″,”name”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”46418″,”name”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”85″,”name”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54757″,”name”:”Jackson Ryan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37141″,”name”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44758″,”name”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”49403″,”name”:”James R. Riordon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12170″,”name”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54876″,”name”:”Javier Barbuzano”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32″,”name”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51″,”name”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44787″,”name”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50541″,”name”:”John M. Beggs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”72″,”name”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16475″,”name”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”91″,”name”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10351″,”name”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31716″,”name”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1241″,”name”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8463″,”name”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”49″,”name”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16815″,”name”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”67″,”name”:”K.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37462″,”name”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”87″,”name”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36139″,”name”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20556″,”name”:”Katherine Harmon Courage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”90″,”name”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39551″,”name”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27374″,”name”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40″,”name”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47633″,”name”:”Konstantin Kakaes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45758″,”name”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38413″,”name”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55855″,”name”:”Laura Dattaro”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12570″,”name”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38699″,”name”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59443″,”name”:”Lesley Evans Ogden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23451″,”name”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”79″,”name”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38″,”name”:”Lucy Reading-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47180″,”name”:”Lyndie Chiou”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55532″,”name”:”Madison Goldberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60″,”name”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2333″,”name”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3569″,”name”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”414″,”name”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50807″,”name”:”Marta Zaraska”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20495″,”name”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47830″,”name”:”Matt von Hippel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17147″,”name”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30953″,”name”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32437″,”name”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57270″,”name”:”Maya Wei-Haas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38705″,”name”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”58054″,”name”:”Meghan Willcoxon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40613″,”name”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7186″,”name”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57384″,”name”:”Michael Greshko”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14093″,”name”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”34″,”name”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23″,”name”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”74″,”name”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19093″,”name”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50861″,”name”:”Mike Orcutt”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1472″,”name”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6476″,”name”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42264″,”name”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52093″,”name”:”Nadia Drake”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10″,”name”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37605″,”name”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”43298″,”name”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37428″,”name”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19962″,”name”:”Nola Taylor Tillman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51434″,”name”:”Nona Griffin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57764″,”name”:”Nora Bradford”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24″,”name”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1816″,”name”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”46889″,”name”:”Paul Chaikin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”84″,”name”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55″,”name”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50804″,”name”:”Polly Stryker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31″,”name”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24011″,”name”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”100″,”name”:”Quanta Magazine”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2784″,”name”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26114″,”name”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”9412″,”name”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”820″,”name”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1666″,”name”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20950″,”name”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”48″,”name”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”80″,”name”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15681″,”name”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51187″,”name”:”Robin Lloyd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24577″,”name”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”78″,”name”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23845″,”name”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”83″,”name”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55385″,”name”:”Sarah Scoles”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53621″,”name”:”Saugat Bolakhe”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”35441″,”name”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”76″,”name”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15680″,”name”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7239″,”name”:”Shannon Hall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44197″,”name”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”65″,”name”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39028″,”name”:”skhaled”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5944″,”name”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”61″,”name”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”63″,”name”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26311″,”name”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”71″,”name”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17148″,”name”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13356″,”name”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17150″,”name”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39768″,”name”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2960″,”name”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52224″,”name”:”Theo Nicitopoulos”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14785″,”name”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3″,”name”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59313″,”name”:”Thomas Zurbuchen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54″,”name”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”88″,”name”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12964″,”name”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53″,”name”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”86″,”name”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3244″,”name”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”89″,”name”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15913″,”name”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42263″,”name”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45757″,”name”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”}],”adBehavior”:”far and wide”,”adUrl”:”https://www.simonsfoundation.org/”,”adImageHome”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/08/HP-Design-Cpercent402x.png”,”adImageArticle”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/08/Article-Design-Dpercent402x.png”,”adImageTablet”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/08/E-newsletter-Design-Epercent402x.png”,”adImageMobile”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/08/HP-Design-Cpercent402x-1.png”,”trackingScripts”:”rnrnrnrnrnrnrnrn”},”theme”:{“web page”:{“sorts”:”background,textual content,accessory”,”accessory”:”#ff8600″,”textual content”:”#1a1a1a”,”background”:”#FFFFFF”},”header”:{“sort”:”default”,”gradient”:{“colour”:”white”},”forged”:{“sorts”:”number one,secondary,hover”,”number one”:”#1a1a1a”,”secondary”:”#999999″,”hover”:”#ff8600″},”clear”:{“number one”:”white”,”secondary”:”white”,”hover”:”#ff8600″}}},”redirect”:null,”fallbackImage”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”width”:1200,”top”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520×260.gif”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-160×160.gif”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520×520.gif”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-768×384.gif”,”huge”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Symbol”}},”modals”:{“loginModal”:false,”signUpModal”:false,”forgotPasswordModal”:false,”resetPasswordModal”:false,”lightboxModal”:false,”callback”:null,”props”:null},”podcast”:{“identification”:null,”enjoying”:false,”period”:0,”currentTime”:0},”consumer”:{“loggedIn”:false,”savedArticleIDs”:[],”userEmail”:””,”editor”:false},”feedback”:{“open”:false},”cookies”:{“acceptedCookie”:false}},
env: {
APP_URL: ‘
NODE_ENV: ‘manufacturing’,
WP_URL: ‘
HAS_GOOGLE_ID: true,
HAS_FACEBOOK_ID: true,
},
}

Author: OpenAI