Russian Offensive Marketing campaign Evaluate, December 30, 2024
Nicole Wolkov, Angelica Evans, Kateryna Stepanenko, Olivia Gibson, William Runkel, and George Barros
December 30, 2024, 6:50pm ET
Click on right here to peer ISW’s interactive map of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This map is up to date day-to-day along the static maps provide on this record.
Click on right here to peer ISW’s interactive map of Ukraine’s offensive in Kursk Oblast.
Click on right here to peer ISW’s 3-D management of terrain topographic map of Ukraine. Use of a pc (no longer a cellular software) is strongly really useful for the usage of this data-heavy device.
Click on right here to get right of entry to ISW’s archive of interactive time-lapse maps of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Those maps supplement the static control-of-terrain map that ISW produces day-to-day by way of appearing a dynamic frontline. ISW will replace this time-lapse map archive per 30 days.
Word: The information cut-off for this product was once 12:20pm ET on December 30. ISW will quilt next stories within the December 31 Russian Offensive Marketing campaign Evaluate.
Russian International Minister Sergei Lavrov reiterated Russia’s call for that Ukraine surrender its proper to sovereignty and territorial integrity as a precondition to start out peace talks, indicating that Russia isn’t excited about excellent religion negotiations. Lavrov mentioned in an interview with Kremlin newswire TASS revealed on December 30 that Russia is not going to take part in any negotiations to finish its struggle in Ukraine until Ukraine renounces its proper and goal of releasing its territory as much as its the world over identified 1991 borders.[1] Lavrov added that Russia considers Ukraine’s goal of releasing its territory to its the world over identified 1991 borders an “ultimatum.” The Kremlin is most probably making an attempt to impose unrealistic calls for on Ukraine that violate global legislation to stymie legit excellent religion negotiations. Russia could also be most probably making an attempt to power the West into coercing Ukraine into acknowledging and accepting territorial concessions that can receive advantages Russia in the longer term. Lavrov and different Russian officers have prior to now brushed aside Ukraine’s proper to sovereignty and territorial integrity as a sound negotiating place.[2] ISW continues to evaluate that Russia isn’t excited about excellent religion negotiations with Ukraine and can proceed to pursue Ukraine’s overall capitulation.[3]
The Kremlin seems to be prioritizing Russia’s power technology necessities and home political balance over efforts to mitigate financial force and exertions shortages going into 2025. Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on December 30 declaring that migrants who entered Russia illegally will have to practice for prison standing or depart Russia by way of April 30, 2025.[4] Migrants can download prison standing by way of filing to a chain of well being screenings; a Russian language, historical past, and prison examination; and by way of paying off all money owed, or by way of signing an army provider contract with the Russian Ministry of Protection (MoD). Russia is reportedly struggling a exertions scarcity of one.5 million folks, and Putin’s decree will most probably additional exacerbate Russia’s ongoing exertions shortages if a vital collection of migrants who paintings in meals provider, transportation, and different low-skilled industries both depart Russia or forcibly sign up for the Russian army.[5] It stays unclear if Russian government will implement this decree, despite the fact that their choice whether or not to implement this decree will most probably point out how Russian government are prioritizing responding to political, power technology, and financial exertions marketplace demanding situations. A choice to implement this decree and start deporting migrants would point out that Russian government are prioritizing placating proceedings amongst Russian pro-war ultra-nationalists and addressing imaginable regime safety problems related to ongoing stories of migrants committing crimes and terrorist acts in Russia than addressing Russia’s financial problems. A choice to not implement the decree would point out that Russian government are extra desirous about using migrant exertions to conquer Russia’s financial problems and exertions shortages than messaging to the Kremlin’s ultranationalist constituency.
US President Joe Biden introduced an extra army help package deal for Ukraine value $2.5 billion on December 30.[6] The package deal is funded by way of a mixed $1.25 billion from the Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA) and $1.22 billion from the Ukraine Safety Help Initiative (USAI) and can come with 1000’s of artillery rounds, 1000’s of rockets, and loads of armored automobiles. The USA Division of Protection (DoD) reported that the package deal additionally comprises: munitions for Nationwide Complex Floor-to-Air Missile Techniques (NASAMS); HAWK air protection munitions; Stinger missiles; counter-Unmanned Aerial Techniques (c-UAS) munitions; ammunition for Prime Mobility Artillery Rocket Techniques (HIMARS); Prime-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs); Javelin and AT-4 anti-armor methods; Tube-launched, Optically-guided, Twine-tracked (TOW) missiles; and different materiel.[7]
Russia and Ukraine carried out one of the vital greatest prisoners of struggle (POW) exchanges in 2024 on December 30, ensuing within the go back of 189 Ukrainian POWs — a few of whom spent over two years in Russian captivity since early 2022. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky introduced on December 30 that Ukraine returned 189 Ukrainians, a few of whom defended Ukrainian positions on the Azovstal Metal Plant, Chornobyl Nuclear Energy Plant (NPP), and Snake Island in early 2022.[8] Zelensky added that Ukraine additionally returned two civilians whom Russian forces captured right through the siege of Mariupol. Ukraine’s Coordination Headquarters for the Remedy of POWs reported that this POW trade was once one of the vital greatest POWs exchanges for the reason that January 3, 2024, and that Ukraine returned 173 privates and sergeants and 14 officials: 87 servicemen of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, 43 of Ukraine’s Nationwide Guard, 33 of Ukraine’s Border Guards Provider, and 24 of the Ukrainian Military.[9] The Coordination Headquarters for the Remedy of POWs added that probably the most servicemen additionally participated in battle operations in Kursk, Luhansk, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Zaporizhia, and Kherson oblasts. The Coordination Headquarters for the Remedy of POWs famous that during overall 3,956 Ukrainian POWs returned to Ukraine, of which 1,358 returned in 2024. The Russian MoD introduced on December 30 that Russia exchanged 150 Ukrainian POWs for 150 Russian POWs.[10]
Russian border guards withdrew from the Agarak border checkpoint at the Armenia-Iran border on December 30 after controlling the checkpoint for over 30 years. Armenian Top Minister Nikol Pashinyan introduced that Armenian border troops started only patrolling the Agarak checkpoint with out Russian forces on December 30, indicating that Russian border guards most probably withdrew from the world based on the October 2024 settlement that Armenian border guards will regain management of the checkpoint beginning January 1, 2025.[11] Pashinyan added that Russian border guards were working on the Agarak checkpoint since 1991. Russia’s withdrawal from Agarak checkpoint comes 5 months after Russian border guards finished withdrew from Yerevan’s Zvartnots World Airport and additional showcases Armenia’s dedication to lowering bilateral safety members of the family with Russia.[12]
Key Takeaways:
Russian International Minister Sergei Lavrov reiterated Russia’s call for that Ukraine surrender its proper to sovereignty and territorial integrity as a precondition to start out peace talks, indicating that Russia isn’t excited about excellent religion negotiations.
The Kremlin seems to be prioritizing Russia’s power technology necessities and home political balance over efforts to mitigate financial force and exertions shortages going into 2025.
US President Joe Biden introduced an extra army help package deal for Ukraine value $2.5 billion on December 30.
Russia and Ukraine carried out one of the vital greatest prisoners of struggle (POW) exchanges in 2024 on December 30, ensuing within the go back of 189 Ukrainian POWs – a few of whom spent over two years in Russian captivity since early 2022.
Russian border guards withdrew from the Agarak border checkpoint at the Armenia-Iran border on December 30 after controlling the checkpoint for over 30 years.
Ukrainian forces lately regained misplaced positions close to Chasiv Yar, Toretsk, and Pokrovsk. Russian forces lately complex in Kursk Oblast and close to Toretsk, Pokrovsk, Kurakhove, Vuhledar, and Velyka Novosilka.
A Russian milblogger who specializes in Russian veteran problems claimed that Russian forces have considerably bolstered the Russian global border with Ukraine since 2022 and not overwhelmingly depend on conscripts and alleged deserters as border safety.
We don’t record intimately on Russian struggle crimes as a result of those actions are well-covered in Western media and do indirectly have an effect on the army operations we’re assessing and forecasting. We can proceed to judge and record at the results of those legal actions at the Ukrainian army and the Ukrainian inhabitants and particularly on battle in Ukrainian city spaces. We totally condemn Russian violations of the rules of armed war and the Geneva Conventions and crimes towards humanity even if we don’t describe them in those stories.
Ukrainian Operations within the Russian Federation
Russian Primary Effort – Jap Ukraine (constituted of 3 subordinate major efforts)
Russian Subordinate Primary Effort #1 – Push Ukrainian forces again from the global border with Belgorod Oblast and method to inside tube artillery vary of Kharkiv Town
Russian Subordinate Primary Effort #2 – Seize the rest of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into jap Kharkiv Oblast and encircle northern Donetsk Oblast
Russian Subordinate Primary Effort #3 – Seize the whole lot of Donetsk Oblast
Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis
Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Marketing campaign
Russian Mobilization and Power Technology Efforts
Russian Technological Diversifications
Actions in Russian-occupied spaces
Vital Process in Belarus
Ukrainian Operations within the Russian Federation
Russian forces lately complex within the Ukrainian salient in Kursk Oblast amid endured combating within the house on December 30. Geolocated pictures revealed on December 30 signifies that Russian forces lately complex in northeastern Makhnovka (southeast of Sudzha) and seized Cherkasskaya Konopelka (southeast of Sudzha), despite the fact that most probably no longer inside the previous day.[13] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces, together with parts of the Russian eleventh Airborne (VDV) Brigade, seized Agronom (east of Sudzha), however ISW has no longer noticed visible proof of this declare.[14] Russian assets claimed that Ukrainian forces attacked in unspecified spaces in Kursk Oblast.[15] Chechen Akhmat Spetsnaz forces are reportedly working close to Sudzha, and parts of the Russian 83rd VDV Brigade are reportedly working in Korenevsky Raion.[16]
Kursk Oblast Operational Headquarters claimed on December 30 that Russian air defenses shot down 3 Ukrainian missiles over Kursk Oblast.[17]
Russian Primary Effort – Jap Ukraine
Russian Subordinate Primary Effort #1 – Kharkiv Oblast (Russian goal: Push Ukrainian forces again from the global border with Belgorod Oblast and method to inside tube artillery vary of Kharkiv Town)
Russian forces endured floor assaults north of Kharkiv Town close to Lyptsi and northeast of Kharkiv Town close to Hatyshche and Vovchansk on December 29 and 30 however did make any showed advances.[18]
Russian Subordinate Primary Effort #2 – Luhansk Oblast (Russian goal: Seize the rest of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into jap Kharkiv Oblast and northerly Donetsk Oblast)
Russian forces endured offensive operations alongside the Kupyansk-Svatove-Kreminna line on December 30 however didn’t make any showed advances. Russian assets endured to assert that Russian forces seized Ivanivka and virtually seized Terny (each northwest of Kreminna), however one Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces are nonetheless combating for Ivanivka and described claims of Russia’s seizure of Terny as untimely.[19] ISW has no longer noticed affirmation of Russian forces seizing Terny or Ivanivka. Ukrainian Khortytsya Crew of Forces reported on December 30 that Russian forces attacked Terny with armored automobiles on December 29.[20] The Ukrainian Border Guards Provider’s division accountable for the protection of Ukraine’s northern border reported on December 29 that Ukrainian forces repelled a Russian mechanized attack of an unspecified echelon within the Kupyansk course right through which over 30 Russian servicemen attacked Ukrainian positions in waves at nightfall.[21] Ukrainian Luhansk Oblast Army Management Head Artem Lysohor revealed pictures on December 30 appearing Ukrainian forces repelling a Russian bolstered platoon-sized mechanized attack within the Kupyansk course.[22] A Ukrainian Border Guards Provider unit revealed pictures on December 30 appearing Ukrainian forces harmful and destroying 15 Russian armored automobiles close to Kreminna and in Serebryanske wooded area house over previous closing week (since December 23).[23] Russian forces attacked north of Kupyansk close to Holubivka; east of Kupyansk close to Petropavlivka and Kucherivka; southeast of Kupyansk close to Zahryzove, Lozova, Stepova Novoselivka, and Kruhlyakivka; southwest of Svatove close to Hrekivka; west of Svatove close to Zeleny Hai, Kopanky, Pershotravneve, and Nadiya; northwest of Kreminna close to Makiivka, Ivanivka, and Terny; west of Kreminna close to Yampolivka; and southwest of Kreminna close to Plantonivka on December 29 and 30.[24]
Russian Subordinate Primary Effort #3 – Donetsk Oblast (Russian goal: Seize the whole lot of Donetsk Oblast, the claimed territory of Russia’s proxies in Donbas)
Russian forces endured offensive operations within the Siversk course on December 30 however didn’t make any showed advances. Russian forces attacked northeast of Siversk close to Bilohorivka and east of Siversk close to Zolotarivka on December 29 and 30.[25] Parts of the Russian 2d Artillery Brigade (third Mixed Hands Military [CAA], previously 2d Luhansk Folks’s Republic Military Corps [LNR AC]) are reportedly proceeding to function within the Siversk course.[26]
Ukrainian forces lately regained misplaced positions in central Chasiv Yar amid Russian forces endured offensive operations within the surrounding house on December 30. Geolocated pictures revealed on December 30 presentations parts of the Russian 98th Airborne (VDV) Department concentrated on Ukrainian forces in central Chasiv Yar, indicating that Ukrainian forces lately complex to Heorhiia Dubrovskoho Side road in central Chasiv Yar.[27] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces complex within the Desyata Microraion in northern Chasiv Yar and seized the railway station in northwestern Chasiv Yar on December 30.[28] ISW has no longer noticed affirmation of those claims, then again. Russian forces attacked inside Chasiv Yar and south of Chasiv Yar close to Stupochky on December 29 and 30.[29] Ukrainian Khortytsia Crew of Forces Spokesperson Viktor Trehubov reported on December 30 that Russian forces are attacking Chasiv Yar’s city spaces, crossing the Siverskyi Donets Donbas (SDD) Canal, after which making an attempt to assault the Refractory Plant in central Chasiv Yar – a key Ukrainian defensive line within the agreement.[30] Trehubov famous that Ukrainian forces proceed to management the tactically important Refractory Plant and that the depth of Russian assaults at the facility have relatively diminished. A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces are seeking to determine positions alongside Chernyshevskoho Side road in Pivnichnyi Microraion (northern Chasiv Yar) and that Ukrainian forces carried out two counterattacks.[31]
Ukrainian and Russian forces lately complex within the Toretsk course on December 30. Geolocated pictures revealed on December 30 signifies that Ukrainian forces lately regained misplaced positions alongside Hryhoriia Skovorody side road in northwestern Toretsk.[32] Geolocated pictures revealed on December 26, 29, and 30 signifies that Russian forces complex in northwestern Toretsk alongside 1 Hirskyi Side road and in western Toretsk alongside 2 Travnevyi, Istorychna, Koksova, and Zhytomyrskyi streets.[33] A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces complex 900 meters towards the waste lots in western Toretsk on December 30, and every other Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces are advancing in Zabalka Microraion (southeastern Toretsk).[34] ISW has no longer noticed affirmation of those claims, then again. Russian forces reportedly attacked inside Toretsk and west of Toretsk close to Shcherbynivka on December 29 and 30.[35] A Russian milblogger claimed combating is ongoing close to waste lots No.1 and No.10 close to the Toretsk mine in northern Toretsk.[36] Trehubov mentioned on December 29 that side road combating continues inside Toretsk and that calmly armored Russian forces select up anti-tank mines after which throw the anti-tank mines at structures within the Toretsk course.[37] Parts of the Russian 132nd Motorized Rifle Brigade (51st CAA), together with drone operators, reportedly proceed to function in Toretsk.[38]
Ukrainian and Russian forces lately complex within the Pokrovsk course amid ongoing Russian offensive operations within the house on December 30. Geolocated pictures revealed on December 29 signifies that Ukrainian forces lately retook positions east of Pishchane (south of Pokrovsk).[39] Further geolocated pictures revealed on December 30 signifies that Russian forces lately complex northwest of Dachenske (south of Pokrovsk) and west of Pishchane.[40] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces complex northwest of Pokrovsk against Baranivka, are advancing west of Vovkove and attacking towards Kotlyne (each southwest of Pokrovsk) and seized maximum of Novoyelyzavetivka (south of Vovkove).[41] ISW has no longer noticed affirmation of those claims, then again. The Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces seized Novolenivka (simply northeast of Novoyelyzavetivka), despite the fact that ISW assessed that Russian forces seized the agreement as of December 27.[42] Russian forces endured attacks northeast of Pokrovsk close to Vozdvyzhenka, Myrolyubivka, and Promin; southeast of Porkovsk close to Zelene and Lysivka; south of Pokrovsk close to Dachenske, Novyi Trud, Zelene, and Shevchenko; southwest of Pokrovsk close to Vovkove, Kotlyne, Solone, Novovasylivka, Novolenivka, Novoyelyzavetivka, and Ukrainka on December 29 and 30.[43]
Russian forces lately marginally complex northwest of Kurakhove amid endured offensive operations on this course on December 30. Geolocated pictures revealed on December 29 signifies that Russian forces lately marginally complex in western Sontsivka (northwest of Kurakhove).[44] Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces complex close to Shevchenko and Petropavlivka (each northwest of Kurakhove) and seized a coated parking space west of Kurakhove.[45] A Ukrainian brigade working within the Kurakhove posted pictures on December 29 appearing Ukrainian drone operators hanging two Russian armored automobiles within the Kurakhove course.[46] Russian forces endured attacks northwest of Kurakhove close to Petropavlivka, Sloyvanka, and Shevchenko; inside Kurakhove itself; and west of Kurakhove close to the Kurakhivska Thermal Energy Plant (TPP) and within the course of Dachne on December 29 and 30.[47]
Russian forces lately complex within the Vuhledar course amid endured offensive operations within the house on December 30. Geolocated pictures revealed on December 29 signifies that Russian forces lately complex east of Yantarne (northwest of Vuhledar) right through a more or less platoon-sized mechanized attack.[48] A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces additionally complex additional within the fields northwest of Uspenivka, however ISW has no longer noticed affirmation of this declare.[49] Russian forces endured attacking north of Vuhledar close to Uspenivka and northwest of Vuhledar close to Kostyantynopolske, Yantarne, and Kostyantynopil on December 29 and 30.[50] A Russian milblogger claimed that parts of the Russian 255th Motorized Rifle Regiment (twentieth Motorized Rifle Department, eighth CAA, Southern Army District [SMD]) repelled a Ukrainian assault north of Kostyantynopolske.[51] Parts of the Russian 102nd Motorized Rifle Regiment (a hundred and fiftieth Motorized Rifle Department, eighth CAA, SMD) are reportedly working close to Uspenivka.[52]
Russian forces lately complex close to Velyka Novosilka amid endured offensive operations within the house on December 30. Geolocated pictures revealed on December 30 signifies that Russian forces lately complex west of Velyka Novosilka.[53] Russian forces endured attacking west of Velyka Novosilka close to Vremivka and Novosilka; northwest of Velyka Novosilka towards Pryvilne; and southwest of Velyka Novosilka close to Novodarivka and Neskuchne on December 29 and 30.[54] A consultant of a Ukrainian brigade working close to Velyka Novosilka mentioned that Russian forces are making an attempt to avoid and clutch Velyka Novosilka and achieve the junction of Donetsk, Zaporizhia, and Dnipropetrovsk oblasts.[55]
Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis (Russian goal: Take care of frontline positions and safe rear spaces towards Ukrainian moves)
Neither Russian nor Ukrainian assets reported combating in western Zaporizhia Oblast on December 30. A Russian milblogger claimed on December 30 that Russian forces lately repelled a Ukrainian assault close to Russian positions in Kamyanske (northwest of Robotyne and south of Zaporizhzhia Town).[56]
Reputable Ukrainian assets reported on December 30 that Ukrainian forces effectively struck a Russian headquarters with a missile in occupied Zaporizhia Oblast.[57] Ukraine’s Primary Army Intelligence Directorate (GUR) reported that Ukrainian aerial reconnaissance found out the positioning of the Russian headquarters and that the Ukrainian strike killed six Russian group of workers and wounded 3.[58] Ukraine’s Unmanned Techniques Forces reported on December 30 that Ukrainian forces destroyed the self-propelled firing set up of a Russian Buk-M1-2 air protection machine in occupied Zaporizhia Oblast.[59]
Russian forces endured attacks within the Dnipro course and at the islands within the Dnipro River Delta on December 29 and 30 however didn’t make any showed advances.[60]
Ukrainian Military Spokesperson Captain 3rd Rank Dmytro Pletenchuk reported on December 30 that most of the Russian boundaries, together with sunken barges, protective the Kerch Strait Bridge from Ukrainian naval drones are most probably no longer purposeful because of unhealthy climate prerequisites.[61] Pletenchuk added that the rest two-to-three months of the hurricane season may additional harm or smash the boundaries.
Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Marketing campaign (Russian Function: Goal Ukrainian army and civilian infrastructure within the rear and at the frontline)
Russian forces carried out a chain of drone moves towards Ukraine at the evening of December 29 to 30. The Ukrainian Air Power reported that Russian forces released 43 Shaheds and different strike drones from Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Krasnodar Krai.[62] The Ukrainian Air Power reported that Ukrainian forces downed 21 Shahed and different decoy drone varieties over Kharkiv, Poltava, Chernihiv, Odesa, Donetsk, and Dnipropetrovsk oblasts; that 22 decoy drones had been “misplaced,” most probably because of Ukrainian digital battle (EW) interference; and that falling drone particles broken residential houses in Kharkiv and Odesa oblasts. Ukrainian officers reported on December 29 and 30 that falling particles from downed Russian drones fell in a forested house close to Lyubotyn, Kharkiv Oblast and broken residential houses in Odesa Town.[63]
Russian Mobilization and Power Technology Efforts (Russian goal: Extend battle energy with out carrying out basic mobilization)
A Russian milblogger who specializes in Russian veteran problems claimed that Russian forces have considerably bolstered the Russian global border with Ukraine since 2022 and not overwhelmingly depend on conscripts and alleged deserters as border safety.[64] The milblogger claimed that Russian forces deployed “critical” forces to shield the border and feature shaped a separate grouping for border safety. ISW can’t independently check those claims. A Kremlin-affiliated milblogger claimed that the Russian volunteer recruitment larger for the reason that get started of Ukraine’s incursion into Kursk Oblast and famous that there are lots of convicts, together with former Wagner Crew opponents, are combating close to Sudzha, Kursk Oblast.[65] The milblogger added that Russian prisoners are combating at the frontlines as a part of the Russian “Okay” Mission however didn’t specify the main points of this challenge.
A Russian milblogger affiliated with the Russian Airborne Forces (VDV) claimed on December 30 that Russian forces reformed the Russian 214th “Opfor” Separate Particular Battalion right into a separate attack battalion.[66] The milblogger famous that the 214th “Opfor” Separate Particular Battalion have been combating in Ukraine since 2022 and underwent a number of power reconstitutions, particularly after combating in Bakhmut course in 2023. The milblogger famous that the battalion carried out in large part informational position all through 2024 by way of filming movies of its battle operations.
Russian box commanders are reportedly proceeding to brutally punish Russians who refuse to struggle in Ukraine. Russian opposition outlet Astra reported {that a} Russian attack detachment commander intentionally mined fields close to Stelmakhivka (southeast of Kupyansk) to stop parts of the Russian 423rd Motorized Rifle Regiment (4th Guards Tank Department, 1st Guards Tank Military [GTA]) from retreating from ahead positions in September 2024.[67] Astra reported that the commander ordered a Russian serviceman to shoot Russian group of workers who that withdrew from their positions.
Russian Technological Diversifications (Russian goal: Introduce technological inventions to optimize methods to be used in Ukraine)
Not anything important to record.
Actions in Russian-occupied spaces (Russian goal: Consolidate administrative management of annexed spaces; forcibly combine Ukrainian electorate into Russian sociocultural, financial, army, and governance methods)
ISW isn’t publishing protection of actions in Russian-occupied spaces lately.
Vital process in Belarus (Russian efforts to extend its army presence in Belarus and additional combine Belarus into Russian-favorable frameworks)
The Belarusian Ministry of Protection (MoD) reported on December 30 that Belarus plans to amplify drone pilot coaching functions by way of developing specialised school rooms at 16 tutorial establishments throughout Belarus by way of September 1, 2025 and can start coaching scholars in mid-September 2025.[68]
Word: ISW does no longer obtain any categorised subject matter from any supply, makes use of handiest publicly to be had knowledge, and attracts widely on Russian, Ukrainian, and Western reporting and social media in addition to commercially to be had satellite tv for pc imagery and different geospatial records as the root for those stories. References to all assets used are equipped within the endnotes of every replace.
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