Phylum MolluscaPunk ferox Sutton, Sigwart, Briggs, Gueriau, King, Siveter and Siveter gen. et sp. nov.LSID. Punk: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:06C4B4EE-8FA2-43B6-9BB0-67DE8816C3A4. Punk ferox: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2F594C68-75BB-4E62-B93E-A08BB5753FFC.Etymology. Punk: fancied resemblance of the spicule array to the spiked hairstyles related to the punk rock motion; ferox (Latin): wild, daring, defiant. Grammatical gender: nonbinary.Holotype. Oxford College Museum of Herbal Historical past, OUMNH PAL-C.29644, the one recognized specimen (Fig. 1).Fig. 1: OUMNH PAL-C.29644; holotype of Punk ferox gen. et sp. nov.
a–c,i–n,q–u, Digital reconstructions from bodily–optical dataset. d–h, Pass-sections. o,p, Optical tomograms. a, Dorsal stereo-pair. b, Left lateral stereo-pair. c, Left lateral (with out spines and ?extraneous subject material) appearing positions of areas 1–3 (white dotted traces) and cross-sections d–h (pink traces). d–h, Pass-sections traced from digital reconstruction with the level of lateral surfaces and median ridges indicated. All scales are as proven in d. i, Dorsal stereo-pair (with out spines). j, Ventral stereo-pair. ok, Ventral stereo-pair (with out spines and ?extraneous subject material) indicating areas 1–3. l, Proper lateral of anterior (with out spines and ?extraneous subject material, with physique translucent) appearing positions of areas 1–3 (white dotted traces) and tomograms o and p (pink traces). m, Ventral of anterior (as l, scale as l). n, Left lateral of anterior (as l, scale as l). o,p, Optical tomogram Punk_B_PO_212.bmp41 (o) and Punk_B_PO_152.bmp41 (p). q, Anterior indirect stereo-pair. r, Posterior indirect stereo-pair (with out spines and ?extraneous subject material). s, Anterior indirect (as r). t, Ventral element of anterior (with out spines and ?extraneous subject material). u, Left lateral indirect. ap?, putative anterior plate on buccal mass; bm, buccal mass; ca, concavity on left aspect; cs, concretion cut up; dh, dorsal ‘hump’; dls, dorsolateral floor; dmr, dorsal median ridge; dvm, dorsoventral margin; em, ?extraneous subject material; g, gills; g1, first (anterior-most) gill; hs, head spines; p, interior plate; r1–3, areas 1–3; sf, sediment fill; sp, spines; uc, undercut underneath buccal mass; up, younging course indicated via sediment fill; vls, ventrolateral floor; vmr, ventral median ridge. Scale bars, 1 mm.Stratigraphy and locality. Wenlock Collection, Silurian; Herefordshire, England.Analysis for genus and species. Vermiform, with dorsal and ventral median ridges. Missing valves. Scleritome of most commonly dorsally directed elongate spicules coming up dorsolaterally and posteriorly. Ventral tissues non-cuticular. Roughly 25 gill pairs flanking ventral median ridge in posterior part of trunk.Description (expanded in Supplementary Notice 1). Trunk elongate and vermiform, rounded at anterior and posterior terminations (Fig. 1a–c,i–ok,q–s,u). Dorsal floor with median ridge (Fig. 1i,r,s,u), broader anteriorly than posteriorly, with low ‘hump’ close to midpoint (dh; Fig. 1a,i,s). Ridge flanks (concave-up in cross-section) transition laterally into dorsolateral surfaces (in most cases convex-up in cross-section; Fig. 1d–h); those meet on the posterior extremity of the trunk (Fig. 1r).Valves absent. Dorsolateral surfaces undergo lengthy spines, interpreted as mineralized spicules (Fig. 1a,b,o–q,u). Backbone size varies little alongside trunk excluding close to terminations (Fig. 1b). Spines directed dorsally and weakly recurved in opposition to the midline. Backbone array open dorsally, excluding in trunk posterior (Fig. 1a). Backbone array fanatics out anteriorly and laterally in opposition to the trunk anterior (Fig. 1a,j,ok,u). Anterior margin bears a number of quick ‘head’ spines (Fig. 1a,j,q,u).Dorsal floor higher preserved than ventral. Surfaces separated via a pointy margin (dvm; Fig. 1c,o,p,u) differentiating dorsal integument (interpreted as cuticular) from ventral (non-cuticular). Ventral interpretation difficult via the essentially interpretative boundary between fossil and adherent ‘extraneous subject material’ (rendered translucent; Fig. 1b,j,u). Ventral morphology described in 3 areas (r1–3; Fig. 1c,ok). Area 1 is a brief ‘head’ with subcylindrical ‘boss’ interpreted as buccal mass (Fig. 1c,d,j,ok,q,s–u), missing preserved opening, in all probability bearing sub-semicircular anterior plate (Fig. 1t). Ventrolateral surfaces encompass buccal mass and proceed into area 2 (Fig. 1q,t). Areas 2 and three with robust median ridge between subhorizontal lateral areas (Fig. 1b,e–h,ok,o–r,t,u), abutting buccal mass anteriorly, various in cross-sectional profile alongside trunk. Area 2 extends to close midpoint (Fig. 1c). Asymmetrical ‘inflation’ of median ridge (Fig. 1j,ok) could also be a autopsy impact. Posterior boundary of area 2 corresponds to switch in width of dorsal median ridge (broader above area 2; Fig. 1c,i,ok). Area 3 bears round 25 pairs of quick subconical projections adjoining to median ridge, interpreted as gills (Fig. 1b,c,h,j,ok,r,u).Skinny plate and geopetal cavity-fill preserved within ventral median ridge of area 3 (Fig. 1f,l–n,o,p). Plate compositionally differentiated, almost definitely mineralized and preserved displaced from unknown authentic place.Emo vorticaudum Sutton, Sigwart, Briggs, Gueriau, King, Siveter and Siveter gen. et sp. nov.LSID. Emo: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6C11D55C-7C33-4AE4-A848-90A335C39AFF. Emo vorticaudum: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8386FD34-6905-42D0-BCF6-DE196510E1EB.Etymology. Emo: after the emo musical style associated with punk rock, whose exponents canonically undergo lengthy ‘bangs’ or fringes, of which the scleritome is reminiscent, in addition to studded clothes recalling the anterior valves; vorticaudum (Latin): adjective combining vortex (whirl) and cauda (tail). The title alludes to the rotational twisting of the tail–backbone association. Grammatical gender: nonbinary.Holotype. Oxford College Museum of Herbal Historical past, OUMNH PAL-C.36023, the one recognized specimen (Fig. 2 and Prolonged Information Fig. 1).Fig. 2: OUMNH PAL-C.36023; holotype of Emo vorticaudum gen. et sp. nov.
a–c, j,ok,m–t, Digital reconstructions from synchrotron dataset. d–h, Pass-sections. l, Optical tomogram. a, Dorsal stereo-pair. b, Left lateral stereo-pair. c, Left lateral (with out spines) appearing positions of physique divisions (white dotted traces) and cross-sections d–i (pink traces). d–i, Pass-sections traced from digital reconstruction. All scales are as proven in d (excluding i). j, Ventral stereo-pair. ok, Dorsal stereo-pair (with out spines). l, Optical tomogram Emo_A_PO_031.bmp41, indirect however sublongitudinal, situated close to part-counterpart boundary. m, Anteroventral indirect. n, Left lateral (lacking anterior, with out spines, with physique translucent). o, Ventral (as n). p, Posterodorsal indirect stereo-pair. q, Area 4 (with out spines, viewing place as left-hand p). r, Subanterior, dorsal downwards, taking a look without delay down onto valve I (symbol manually enhanced to select valves in inexperienced, for readability). s, Subdorsal, taking a look without delay down onto valve II (as r). t, Lateral of anterior area (as r). br, basal ridge; cb, cuticular spoil (artefactual); i1–4, interior constructions 1–4; gl, growth-line of valve II; gr, groove between areas 1 and a couple of; lp, gentle colored patch in matrix; lr, lateral roll; ls, posterior lateral paired spines; mo, ?mouth; rp, respiration protuberances/projections; playstation, posterior spines; sp, primary backbone array; ss, ventral submedial backbone; v1, valve I; v2, valve II; vr, ventral ridges; vs, postero-ventrally directed backbone. Scale bars, 1 mm.Stratigraphy and locality. Wenlock Collection, Silurian; Herefordshire, England.Analysis for genus and species. Vermiform, trunk missing foot, with rounded convex dorsal and ventral surfaces. Two identical small suboval roof-like valves at anterior. Dorsal and lateral scleritome of spicular spines, absent at the head and ventrally. Articulated posterior area forming respiration hollow space surrounded via posteriorly directed spines.Description (expanded in Supplementary Notice 1). Vermiform (Fig. 2c,j,ok), weakly dorsoventrally compressed (Fig. 2e–i), preserved with dorsoventral fold close to midpoint (Fig. 2b,c). The physique incorporates 4 areas (r1–4 anterior to posterior; Fig. 2c,j,ok).Area 1 is a brief ‘head’ bearing two identical small valves, Valve I anterior-facing, valve II dorsal-facing (Fig. 2a,ok,r–t). Valves in close to touch, at a prime attitude (Fig. 2t). Each valves suboval with distinct and weakly concave lateral spaces flanking an average ridge, missing decoration, however with one growth-line (Fig. 2t). Raised ventromedian area bearing vulnerable elongate median hole interpreted because the mouth (Fig. 2j,m). Area 1 separated from ventral floor of area 2 via transverse groove (Fig. 2b,t).Area 2 is a ‘neck’ with near-parallel lateral margins (Fig. 2j,ok), increasing dorsoventrally, with pronounced elongate dorsal ‘hump’ (Fig. 2c,f,m,t). Lateral, dorsal and ventral surfaces steady (Fig. 2e,f,m). Area 3, comprising maximum of body-length, characterised via lateral rolls, thickenings of lateral margin keeping apart dorsal and ventral surfaces (Fig. 2g,h,j,ok,m). Lateral rolls merge anteriorly into lateral surfaces of area 2; posteriorly they meet medially on ventral floor (Fig. 2j,m). Dorsal and ventral surfaces weakly convex (Fig. 2g,h); minor transverse ridges (Fig. 2b) interpreted as in vivo deformation on account of fold. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of area 3 missing both preservational differentiation or sharp junction, anteriorly ventral floor steady with that of area 2, in flip steady with area 2 lateral and dorsal surfaces. All integument of areas 1–3 thus interpreted as cuticular; foot absent.Areas 2 and three bearing array of dorsal and lateral spines interpreted as mineralized spicules (Fig. 2a,b,j,l,m,p), coming up from lateral rolls (the longest spines) and the dorsal floor. Spines absent ventrally and anteriorly. Hole in posterior dorsal scleritome (Fig. 2a,p) interpreted as preservational artefact (Supplementary Notice 1). Dorsally directed spines recurved medially; mid-dorsal spines ‘criss-cross’ medially (Fig. 2a,p). 4 posterior spines are other in course to within sight spines (ls, vs, ss; Fig. 2b,j,m,p; Supplementary Notice 1).Area 4 is a ‘tail’, subcircular in cross-section (Fig. 2i), tapering posteriorly from transverse basal ridge (Fig. 2c,j,ok,q). The posterior floor bears poorly preserved stubby protuberances, interpreted as respiration surfaces (Fig. 2q). Area 4 encased in posteriorly directed and rotationally twisted backbone array (Fig. 2a,b,j,p) originating close to basal ridge, terminating the similar distance past respiration projections (Fig. 2p).4 interior constructions (i1–4; Fig. 2g,n,o) are preserved. Those are tricky to interpret and might, partly, be artefacts of preservation. The ones in area 4 (i3, i4) might constitute strains of intestine and respiration constructions respectively.
