Artist’s influence of a sun electrical propulsion gadget. Credit score: NASA
There are lots of alternative ways to get to Mars, however there are all the time tradeoffs. Chemical propulsion, confirmed the preferred, can briefly get a spacecraft to the crimson planet. However they arrive at a top price of bringing their gasoline, thereby expanding the venture’s total price. Selection propulsion applied sciences had been gaining traction in different deep area packages. Now, a group of scientists from Spain has initial studied what it could take to ship a probe to Mars the usage of totally electrical propulsion as soon as it leaves Earth.
Electrical propulsion methods have a number of benefits over chemical rockets. Whilst they’re going to by no means be capable to be scaled up sufficient to boost anything else heavy into orbit, as soon as in area, they’re extremely environment friendly at shifting payloads the place they wish to cross. Whilst an ordinary chemical rocket calls for 70%–90% of its release mass for use as gasoline, an electrical propulsion gadget can get by means of with simply 10%–40% of its release mass as gasoline.
The tradeoff to be made is in thrust. Electrical propulsion methods normally have a thrust no less than 4 orders of magnitude smaller than that created by means of chemical rockets. In the meantime, in area, its important affect is that electrical propulsion methods are a lot slower. However that is probably not as a lot of a priority for uncrewed missions.
Thus far, no person has spent the time to believe simply how a lot distinction there could be between a Mars venture pushed by means of electrical reasonably than chemical propulsion. The nearest learn about was once one drawn up for a talk over with to Mars’ moons—Phobos and Deimos—that relied totally on electrical propulsion. In that learn about, the researchers discovered that the chemical propulsion possibility will require 2.5 occasions as a lot mass as the electrical propulsion possibility. That might considerably lower the entire price of the venture.
On this new learn about, revealed in Acta Astronautica, the researchers taken with a trajectory that may position a 2,000 kg spacecraft right into a polar orbit round Mars between 300 km and 1,000 km. The two,000 kg weight restrict was once decided on as a package deal that might include identical clinical applications to the ExoMars orbiter that ESA labored on.
With the ones venture constraints, the researchers regarded as a number of various kinds of electrical propulsion methods. They got here up with an extra requirement—it should function on the higher thrust vary of many electrical propulsion methods. A thrust of .1 N is the minimal required to go into into orbit round Mars effectively.
This constraint resulted in the collection of the BHT-6000 because the venture’s number one propulsion gadget. It is a Corridor Impact thruster that operates with between 2 kW and six kW of energy and will use fairly not unusual electric propulsion propellants reminiscent of Xenon and Krypton. With this collection of propulsion, it was once time to get to each astrodynamist’s favourite process—modeling.
The researchers used a multi-body style to map out the gravitational affect in their decided on trajectory. Then, they ran simulations of a venture with an ordinary chemical propellant and the BHT-6000. What they discovered appeared consistent with normal expectancies of the benefits of electrical propulsion.
On the subject of velocity, the chemical rocket was once quicker, however now not egregiously so. A chemical rocket may just make the adventure in a bit of underneath a 12 months, whilst a BHT-6000-powered venture would take roughly 3.2 years from release. Then again, the burden of the chemical propulsion gadget could be 2.4 occasions that of the electrical propulsion gadget. Even at a fairly conservative release price of $10,000 / kg, that may put the associated fee saving of an electrical propulsion gadget at virtually $30 million over the chemical choice. All at the price of a couple of extra years of trip time to get the venture on station.
That may be a tradeoff many area exploration companies would gladly pay because of constrained budgets. However, thus far, that is just a style as there’s no deliberate deep area venture that may use this electrical propulsion approach as its number one propulsion gadget, although a couple of deep area missions, reminiscent of Hayabusa-2, have already got. Because the era advances, although, it is changing into an increasing number of most likely that long term deep area missions, particularly unmanned ones, will cross to Mars.
Additional info:
Marco Casanova-Álvarez et al, Feasibility learn about of a Sun Electrical Propulsion venture to Mars, Acta Astronautica (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.01.001
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